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from article Fossil primates
Representatives of living primate families. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Fossil primates
Carpolestes simpsoni, a 55.5-million-year-old plesiadapiform from Wyoming: (a) skeleton as recovered, laid out in approximate anatomical position; (b) reconstruction in life stance on a tree branch; elements in dark gray are known; (c) external…
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from article Fossil primates
Cranium of the omomyoid tarsiiform Teilhardina asiatica, from deposits dated approximately 55 MYA in China: (a) dorsal (top) view as found; (b) left lateral reconstruction. (Credit: Xijun Ni)
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from article Fossil primates
Anjohibe (Madagascar) specimen of Palaeopropithecus ingens (an extinct lemur), mounted in a probable habitat posture. (Credit: American Geological Institute)
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from article Fossil primates
Partly reconstructed skeleton (casts) of Paracolobus chemeroni, a 3.2-million-year-old colobine monkey from Kenya, on exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. (Credit: Eric Delson)
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from article Fossil primates
Reconstructed skeleton of Proconsul heseloni, an early hominoid (23–14 MYA) from East Africa. Known parts are shaded. (Credit: R. L. Ciochon and R. S. Corruccini)
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from article Science
Italian physicist and astronomer Galileo Galilei (1564–1643) founded the modern scientific method of deducing laws to explain the results of observation and experiment. (Credit: Getty Images)
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from article Kutorginata
Kutorgina, showing (a) exterior of pedicle (ventral) valve; (b) lateral view of shell; (c) exterior of brachial (dorsal) valve. (After C. D. Walcott, Cambrian Brachiopoda, USGS Monogr., vol. 51, 1912)
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from article Fossil seeds and fruits
Early Tertiary fruits and seeds which were found in the Brandon lignite of Vermont. (a) Endocarps of Symplocos. (b) Seeds of grape (Vitis). (c) Seeds of Rubus. (d) Endocarp of extinct species of Nyssa. (e) Seeds of fossil genus of family Rutaceae,…
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from article Pinales
Leaf, branch, and cone characteristics of conifers. (a) Branch of pine with leaves and ovulate cones. (b) Ovulate cone of spruce cut longitudinally to show scales with ovules. (c) Detail of one scale with two ovules. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill…
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from article Pinales
Fertile dwarf shoots of a cordaite and select fossil conifers, representing stages in cone scale evolution. A direct phylogenetic series is not implied. (a) In Cordaites, the ovules were borne terminally on the megasporophylls. (b) Emporia. (c) The…
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from article Selaginellales
Characteristic features of a typical heterophyllous selaginellalean of the Stachygynandrum type. (After T. R. Webster, Developmental problems in Selaginella in an evolutionary context, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 79:633–647, 1992)
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from article Carboniferous
Carboniferous, the fifth period of the Paleozoic Era.
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from article Carboniferous
Development of stratigraphic nomenclature for the Carboniferous.
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from article Carboniferous
Curves outlining the fluctuations of sea level during the Carboniferous. The Mississippian sea-level curve is typical of times when glaciation was not a major factor in controlling sea levels, and the Pennsylvanian sea-level curve is characteristic…
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from article Carboniferous
Paleogeography of the Carboniferous. (a) Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) Tournaisian and Visean epochs, with a major east-west equatorial seaway between Euramerica and Gondwana. (b) Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Moscovian (or Desmoinesian)…
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from article Carboniferous
Typical shelf sedimentary patterns in Upper Carboniferous depositional sequences. The broken line represents the condensed section that forms during maximum sea-level highstands when sedimentation rates are low. The prominent unconformities at the…
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from article Asteroidea
A five-armed sea star (genus Fromia) resting on coral in the waters surrounding the Maldive Islands. (Credit: Ian Cartwright/Getty Images)
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from article Asteroidea
A representative asteroid, Astrostole scabra. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Asteroidea
The Pacific blue sea star (Linckia laevigata) belongs to the asteroid order Valvatida. This sea star is common in the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific. (Credit: Comstock Images/Getty Images)
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from article Asteroidea
A large sun sea star (Solaster stimpsoni) in the intertidal-zone waters of Kodiak Island, Alaska. (Credit: Mandy Lindeberg/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
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from article Asteroidea
Transverse section through an asteroid arm. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Asteroidea
Anatomy of a sea star, Diplodontias robustus, as viewed from the aboral surface. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Burgess Shale
Marrella splendens, a characteristic Burgess Shale arthropod. The head shield bears two prominent pairs of spinose extensions; also visible are various appendages that include walking legs and gills. The prominent dark areas appear to represent…
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from article Burgess Shale
Cathaymyrus diadexus, a primitive chordate from the Chengjiang assemblage of China. The body is eellike, and at the anterior there are a pharynx and gill slits. (Copyright © Simon Conway Morris)
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from article Burgess Shale
An articulated halkieriid, Halkieria evangelista, from the Sirius Passet fauna, North Greenland. The body was coated with platelike sclerites, and at either end carried a large shell. (Copyright © Simon Conway Morris)
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from article Platyasterida
Ventral view of an arm and a portion of the disk of Platanaster ordovicus. Note lateral alignment of the arm plates. (After W. K. Spencer and C. W. Wright, Asterozoans, in R. C. Moore, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. U, Echinodermata 3,…
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from article Rugosa
Rugose corals. (a) Aulacophyllum sp. of horn coral showing the major external features of a solitary coral skeleton; septa pinnately arranged about the cardinal fossula. Devonian, North America, ×0.75. [Most rugose corals need to be studied in thin…
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from article Rugosa
Rugose coral skeletons. (a) Palaeocyclus porpita, discoidal corallite, calical view with platelike epitheca beneath, cardinal septum shortened. Silurian, Sweden, ×2. (b) Caninia sp., typical horn coral in growth orientation with septa visible in the…
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from article Rugosa
Rugose coral skeletons. (a) Siphonphyllia gigantea, solitary cylindrical corallites prone on bedding plane; individual bottom-right showing sharp change of growth direction. Carboniferous, Ireland; width of photo, 1 m. (b) Arachnophyllum pentagonum,…
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from article Hyracoidea
Cape hyrax (Procavia capensis). (Photo by Lloyd Glenn Ingles; copyright © California Academy of Sciences)
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from article Bivalvia
Freshwater mussels (subclass Paleoheterodonta, class Bivalvia) in the Missouri River. (Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)
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from article Bivalvia
Red shell of a spiny oyster (genus Spondylus, subclass Pteriomorphia, class Bivalvia). (Credit: Pablo Hidalgo/123RF)
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from article Bivalvia
Bivalve anatomy as represented by the quahog clam (Mercenaria mercenaria). (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Cetacea
Dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus) in the coastal waters of New Zealand. (Credit: Mridula Srinivasan/Assessment and Monitoring Division, Office of Science and Technology, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric…
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from article Cetacea
Killer whale (Orcinus orca) in Monterey Bay, California. (Credit: Tory Kallman/Getty Images)
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from article Cetacea
A humpback whale opens its mouth wide to collect prey, and then filters food from the water using its baleen. (Credit: John Tunney/Shutterstock)
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from article Cetacea
Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). (Credit: Gabriel Barathieu)
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from article Cetacea
Skeletal reconstruction of Ambulocetus natans. (Credit: J. G. M. Thewissen)
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from article Cetacea
Cetacean fossils. (a) Left upper premolar. (b) Skull of Dorudon atrox (alternatively Prozeuglodon stromeri) from the early Oligocene of Egypt. (c) Skull of Delphinodon dividum from the middle Miocene of Maryland. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Conodont
Conodont elements: (a, b) coniform elements, (c, d) ramiform elements, (e, f) pectiniform blade elements, (g, h) pectiniform platform elements, (i) beddingplane assemblage.
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from article Conodont
The first specimen of the conodont animal discovered in Lower Carboniferous rocks in Edinburgh. (a) Photograph of specimen. (b) Outline of the specimen for comparison. (From D. E. G. Briggs, E. N. K. Clarkson and R. J. Aldridge, The conodont animal,…
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from article Conodont
Head region of the conodont animal, showing the conodont elements on the side of the slab opposing that illustrated in Fig. 2. (From D. E. G Briggs, E. N. K Clarkson, and R. J. Aldridge, The conodont animal, Lethaia, 16:1–14, 1983)
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from article Plesiosauria
Skeleton of the plesiosauroid Cryptocleidus, about 10 ft (3 m) long.
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from article Time-averaging (paleontology)
Estimates of temporal mixing for modern and fossil assemblages from terrestrial and marine depositional systems. [From Fig. 3 of A. K. Behrensmeyer, S. M. Kidwell, and R. A. Gastaldo, Taphonomy and paleobiology, Paleobiology, 26:103–147, 2000, with…
Image
from article Sphenophyllales
Reconstruction of Sphenophyllum cuneifolium, showing whorled leaves and two cones. (After G. M. Smith, Cryptogamic Botany, vol. 2, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1955)
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from article Petrified forests
Tall petrified tree trunks on Specimen Ridge in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. (Credit: William W. Dunmire/National Park Service)
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from article Petrified forests
Petrified wood log tumble in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona. (Credit: T. Scott Williams/National Park Service)
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from article Petrified forests
Map showing the locations of the principal petrified forests listed in the stratigraphic chart of Fig. 4 and mentioned in the text. Note that the location of the Fremouw forest in east Antarctica is not visible on this map projection. (Copyright ©…
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from article Petrified forests
Chart showing the stratigraphic positions of the known principal petrified forests. The numbers in parentheses following the petrified forest names correlate with the numbers showing the forest locations on the map of Fig. 3. (Copyright © McGraw…
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from article Pentamerida
Interior views of pentamerides. (a) Porambonites, dorsal interior. (b) Camerella, ventral interior. (c) Interior of the posterior end of Parastrophina with dorsal valve above and ventral valve below.
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from article Pentamerida
Kirkidium, of the Silurian, (a) lateral and (b) dorsal views.
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from article Dipnoi
Lateral views of lungfish skulls: (a) African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus; (b) Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri.
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from article Dipnoi
Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri). (Photo copyright © Johnny Jensen)
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from article Holostei
Cuban gar (Atractosteus tristoechus). (Photo by Milan Kořínek)
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from article Gastropoda
Typical turbinate shell of gastropods. (a) Longitudinal section ground through the shell of a specimen of Conus purius to reveal the central columella and spiral of whorls expanding to the aperture. (b) Diagram of the shell to show the relationship…
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from article Gastropoda
Further evolution of the mantle cavity in gastropods. The mantle cavity and pallial complex is shown (a) in dorsal view and (b) in cross section for an asymmetric snail with a single aspidobranch gill, and (c, d) for an asymmetric snail with a…
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from article Precambrian
Precambrian.
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from article Precambrian
Neoproterozoic pillow lavas from Anglesey, North Wales.
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from article Precambrian
Banded iron formation (BIF) from the Archean of Finland. The light layers are silica-rich (chert) and the dark layers consist of iron oxides. The highly contorted nature of many such iron formations is due to early slump movements of these chemical…
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from article Precambrian
Glacial sedimentary rocks. (a) Diamictites forming part of the Paleoproterozoic Gowganda Formation (∼2.3 Ga) on the north shore of Lake Huron, Ontario, Canada. (b) Dropstones from the Gowganda Formation. Such large rock fragments in otherwise…
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from article Precambrian
Stromatolites in the upper part of the Paleoproterozoic Snowy Pass Supergroup in southeastern Wyoming, United States.
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from article Aistopoda
Fossil Ophiderpeton, a limbless amphibian belonging to the order Aistopoda. (Photo courtesy of John A. Spina, Jr.)
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from article Scientific methods
Fig. 1. A scientific investigator examining laboratory samples. (Credit: nandyphotos/Getty Images)
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from article Scientific methods
Portrait of scientist Francis Bacon at the age of 66. Bacon advanced challenging views of the scientific method. (Courtesy of Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)
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from article Bivalve, rudist
Rudist bivalve morphology. Cluster of individual rudists showing the conical shape of the erect-growing lower valves and the operculiform shape of the upper valves. Two generations of rudists preserved as silicified specimens illustrate the bivalved…
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from article Bivalve, rudist
Rudist reef. Ecological association of rudists in proximity. Variation in valve shapes and sizes is illustrated in this photo from the latest Cretaceous Maastrichtian stage of Jamaica.
Image
from article Pisces (zoology)
A group of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Salmon are one of the many types of bony fishes (Osteichthyes) that are grouped nontaxonomically within the Pisces. (Photo by Ryan Hagerty, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)
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from article Palaeoisopus
Palaeoisopus problematicus.
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from article Nautiloidea
Common types of nautiloid conchs. (After C. Teichert et al., Cephalopoda: General features, in R. C. Moore, ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pt. K, Mollusca 3, Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, 1964)
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from article Nautiloidea
Internal structure of Nautilus macromphalus. (After P. D. Ward, The Natural History of Nautilus, Allen & Unwin, 1987)
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from article Insecta
Grasshopper, in lateral view, showing three main body divisions: head, thorax, and abdomen. (After C. L. Metcalf, W. P. Flint, and R. L. Metcalf, Destructive and Useful Insects, 3d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1951)
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from article Insecta
Grasshopper mandibulate mouthparts. (After C. L. Metcalf, W. P. Flint, and R. L. Metcalf, Destructive and Useful Insects, 3d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1951)
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from article Insecta
Sagittal section of a cockroach showing the internal anatomy of a male specimen. (After C. L. Metcalf, W. P. Flint, and R. L. Metcalf, Destructive and Useful Insects, 3d ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1951)
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from article Insecta
Spindle diagrams showing diversities of fossil families within insect orders in stratigraphic stages of the Phanerozoic. Note the scale bar in the lower right. Abbreviations are Pz, Paleozoic (Silurian through Permian); Mz, Mesozoic; and Cz,…
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from article Insecta
Comparison of (a) family-level taxonomic diversity and (b) mouthpart class diversity since the Early Devonian. Data for both graphs are resolved at the geologic stage level, shown in b sequentially as data points but included in a only to reflect…
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from article Insecta
Examples of the preservational variety in four well-known Lagerstätten deposits, illustrating Cenozoic beetles (Coleoptera). (a) Pinhole borer of the family Platypodidae, from Early Miocene amber of the Dominican Republic. (b) Probable blister…
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from article Merostomata
Some typical extinct species of the class Merostomata. (a) Paleomerus, order Aglaspida. (b) Weinbergina, suborder Synziphosurina. (c) Euproops, order Xiphosurida. (After R. C. Moore, ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Geological Society of…
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from article Merostomata
Legrandella, from the Devonian of Bolivia. Note the crescentic ophthalmic ridges and the anterior four freely articulating opisthosomal segments.
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from article Fossil humans
Skeletal remains of Homo naledi (an offshoot of the hominin family) from a South African cave. The partial skeleton in the center consists of bones from several individuals. (Copyright © Lee Berger)
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from article Fossil humans
Human phylogeny over the last 35 million years, showing the skulls of the major known fossil relatives and possible ancestors of modern humans. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Fossil humans
Face (cast) of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis from Xirochori, Greece, about 9.7 million years old. (Credit: L. Meeker; copyright © E. Delson)
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from article Fossil humans
Cranium of Sahelanthropus tchadensis from deposits about 7–6 million years old in Chad: (left) original fossil; (right) virtual reconstruction. (Copyright © Mission Paléoanthropologique Franco-Tchadienne)
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from article Fossil humans
Ardipithecus ramidus from the 4.4-million-year-old site of Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia: (left) reconstructed female skull next to female chimpanzee skull in oblique and right lateral views; (right) partial female skeleton. (Credit: David…
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from article Fossil humans
Digital recreation of the skeleton of Lucy, who lived about 3.2 MYA. This female australopith (Australopithecus afarensis) was discovered at the Ethiopian site of Hadar in 1974. (Credit: miv123/iStock/Getty Images)
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from article Fossil humans
Cranium of an adult (female?) Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein, South Africa, about 2.2 million years old. (Copyright © E. Delson)
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from article Fossil humans
Australopithecus sediba from Malapa, South Africa, dated about 1.8 million years old: (left) juvenile male and adult female partial skeletons; (right) juvenile (male?) cranium in frontal and left lateral views. (Copyright © Lee Berger/Peter Schmid)
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from article Fossil humans
Fossil skull of Paranthropus boisei from East Africa. (Credit: Dinoton/Shutterstock)
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from article Fossil humans
Fossil skull of Homo habilis. (Credit: markchentx/Getty Images)
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from article Fossil humans
Partial skeleton of the "Turkana Boy," an adolescent male Homo erectus, from West Turkana, Kenya, about 1.5 million years old. (Copyright © National Museums of Kenya)
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from article Fossil humans
Crania and mandibles of Homo erectus from Dmanisi, Georgia, reveal diversity in a single sample dated about 1.7 MYA. (Copyright © Georgian National Museum)
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from article Fossil humans
Partial cranium of (female?) Homo erectus from Sambungmacan, Java, Indonesia, possibly dated between 500 and 100 KYA. (Credit: C. Tarka; copyright © E. Delson)
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from article Fossil humans
Crania (frontal view) of two male Homo neanderthalensis specimens about 60,000–50,000 years old: (left) cranium from Amud, Israel; (right) cranium from La Ferrassie, France. [Credit: C. Tarka; copyright © Musée de l'Homme (Paris)/Israel Antiquities…
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from article Confuciusornithidae
Male Confuciusornis with a pair of long central tail feathers from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, northeastern China.
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from article Zosterophyllopsida
Examples of Devonian Zosterophyllopsida. (a) Reconstruction of the Early Devonian Zosterophyllum rhenanum, here depicted as an aquatic plant (after R. Kräusel and H. Weyland, Neue Pflanzenfunde im rheinischen Unterdevon, Palaeontographica B,…
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from article Ophiuroidea
Representative ophiuroids, which have a quite distinctive shape. (a) Ophiopeza cylindrica (alternatively, Pectinura cylindrica). (b) Asteroporpa australiensis (alternatively, Astroporpa wilsoni). (c) Gorgonocephalus chilensis.
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from article Ophiuroidea
External features of the ophiuroid Amphiura. (a) Aboral view. (b) Adoral view.
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from article Trypanites
Trypanites borings in a carbonate hardground from the Upper Ordovician of northern Kentucky. The borings descend from the top of the rock surface perpendicularly to the bedding. Each boring is filled with tiny dolomite crystals, making them stand…
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from article Notoungulata
Skull and jaw of Adinotherium ovinum, an early Miocene toxodontid notoungulate from the Santa Cruz formation of Patagonia, Argentina.
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from article Notoungulata
Examples of molars of Adinotherium ovinum from the Santa Cruz formation of Patagonia, Argentina. (a) Upper molar. (b) Lower molar.
