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As social animals, humans tend to form groups that can range in size from a few individual members to entire nation-states. Historically and through the present day, human groups frequently come into conflict. A noted feature of human intergroup…

A disease of the nervous system characterized by a progressive dementia that leads to profound impairment in cognition and behavior. Dementia occurs in a number of brain diseases where the impairment in cognitive abilities represents a decline from…

An ongoing current event in which a large number of living species are threatened with extinction or are going extinct because of environmentally destructive human activities. The Earth is presently in the midst of a mass extinction event. In the…

A neurodevelopmental condition that impairs the way that a person relates to and communicates with other people. Persons with autism have difficulties with social communication and interaction. They also can have unusual behaviors, such as…

Humans have used dried bovine dung (manure) as a fuel source since prehistoric times. In India, for example, many people burn cow or buffalo dung for cooking fuel. This bioresource provides a low-cost fuel as well as an efficient means of waste…

Wind-pollinated plants—including trees, grasses, and weeds—produce most of the pollen that affects seasonal allergy sufferers. Wind-pollinated plants produce great amounts of pollen grains that are very small in size. For example, one ragweed plant…

A psychotherapy with roots in both cognitive science and behavioral science. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most widely used evidence-based psychotherapeutic practice for a variety of mental health disorders, including anxiety, depression…

The response of corals to environmental stress in which they eject the single-cell algae that live within the transparent coral tissue, making the white coral skeleton visible. Corals (Fig. 1) are animals that live in a partnership (symbiosis) with…