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from article Derris
Derris elliptica. (Photo courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Poppy
Stems, fruits (capsules), and flower of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). By cutting into the fruits soon after the petals have fallen, the opium is obtained. (Credit: Milan Kořínek)
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from article Bioremediation
Contaminating oil spill on the surface of ocean water. (Credit: Steve Martarano/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)
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from article Bioremediation
Controlled oil burns were used to reduce the amount of surface oil following the Deepwater Horizon explosion in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. (Credit: John Masson/U.S. Coast Guard)
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from article Bioremediation
Diagram of in situ bioremediation. Microorganisms and nutrients are introduced into the site, where they flow into the area containing pollutants. The bioremediation process is monitored, and water and by-products are extracted using wells. (Credit:…
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from article Plant pigment
Photosynthetic spectra of higher plants. (Left) Absorption spectra for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the carotenoids, showing the wavelengths of visible light that support photosynthesis. (Right) Action spectrum for photosynthesis. (Copyright ©…
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from article Plant pigment
Structures of three types of plant pigments: chlorophylls (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a′), carotenoids (β-carotene and lutein), and phycocyanobilin. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Plant pigment
The autumn colors of leaves are produced by carotenoid pigments. During the autumn, leaves stop their production of chlorophyll, providing the opportunity for the orange and yellow carotenoid colors observed in autumn leaves to predominate. In…
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from article Plant pigment
Chemical structure of cyanidin (C15H11O6). (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Heat storage system
A solar energy water heater installed on a rooftop. (Credit: frankipeti/Getty Images)
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from article Heat storage system
Heat content Q as a function of temperature T. (a) Q increases with increasing temperature, even if there is no phase transition, as in a sensible heat storage material. (b) When the material undergoes a phase transition at temperature Ttrs, a…
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from article Satellite (spacecraft)
Eight major launch sites that can do orbital launches. Their location and range safety considerations determine acceptable azimuths. (After J. P. Loftus, Jr., C. Teixera, and D. Kirkpatrick, Launch Systems, chap. 18 in J. R. Wertz and W. J. Larson,…
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from article Kenaf
Harvesting of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) in Texas. (Photo by David Nance, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Ultraviolet lamp
Cutaway view of ultraviolet lamp.
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from article Vibration machine
Direct-drive vibration machine. (L. A. B. Corp.)
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from article Land-use planning
Land-use planning map for Tysons Corner, Virginia, showing land-use categories. [Credit: Fairfax County, Virginia (CC BY-ND 2.0)]
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from article Abaca
Abaca (Musa textilis) growing in the Philippines. (Credit: Afren de Guzman/Maitum Information Office, Sarangani, Philippines)
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from article Decision analysis
A methodology of decision analysis.
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from article Decision analysis
Model for revising the state of information or knowledge.
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from article Plant hormone receptor
The signal transduction pathway of auxin (a notable plant hormone). Auxin/indoleacetic acid (Aux/IAA) proteins form dimers with auxin response factors (ARFs) bound to promoters of auxin-regulated genes, causing transcriptional repression. Repression…
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from article Plant hormone receptor
Gibberellin signal transduction pathway. DELLA proteins repress gibberellin (GA) response via an unknown mechanism (indicated by a question mark). Gibberellin binding to GID1 promotes interaction of GID1 with DELLA proteins. The DELLA proteins are…
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from article Limiter circuit
Limiter circuits. (a) Generic limiter. The broken line encloses the part of the circuit described by models. es = signal voltage; Rs = source resistance; eo = output voltage. Diodes D1 and D2 are back-biased by voltage sources M1 and M2,…
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from article Nozzle
Typical convergent-divergent nozzle with a jet plume. P0, T0 = pressure and temperature upstream of the nozzle; At = area at the throat; Pb = back pressure; Me, Ae = Mach number and area at exit.
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from article Nozzle
Conditions for isentropic flow of air through a nozzle when the Mach number at the throat is unity. Ratios of area A, pressure P, temperature T, and velocity V to their values at the throat (At, Pt, It, and Vt) are plotted as functions of Mach…
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from article Terrestrial ecosystem
Major terrestrial biomes of the world. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Animal camouflage
A Vietnamese mossy frog (Theloderma corticale) uses camouflage to blend into its surroundings. (Credit: David M. Hunt/123RF)
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from article Animal camouflage
Three body pattern types—uniform, mottle, and disruptive—are universal for camouflage in the animal kingdom. These patterns have evolved in animals of every size and shape, including both invertebrates and vertebrates, and occur in aquatic and…
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from article Animal camouflage
Octopus vulgaris reacting to a diver (predator). The initial change from camouflaged to conspicuous takes only milliseconds (ms) as a result of direct neural control of the skin. Full expression of the threat display (right) is 2 s. Video frame…
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from article Animal camouflage
A visual sensorimotor assay for probing cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) perception and subsequent dynamic camouflage. (Top) Visual backgrounds with different size, contrast, edge characteristics, and arrangement are perceived by the cuttlefish, which…
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from article Animal camouflage
Color matching of camouflaged cuttlefish when viewed by hypothetical dichromatic and trichromatic fish predators. (A) The pseudocolor image for simulating the human view of the cuttlefish at near-surface. This composite image was formed by using…
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from article Nonsinusoidal waveform
Addition of a fundamental and a second harmonic. (a) ϕ1 = 0, ϕ2 = 0. (b) ϕ1 = 0, ϕ2 = +π2 radians.
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from article Nonsinusoidal waveform
Addition of a fundamental and a third harmonic. (a) ϕ1 = 0, ϕ3 = 0. (b) ϕ1 = 0, ϕ3 = +π radians. (c) ϕ1 = 0, ϕ3 = +π2 radians.
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from article Ion implantation
Projected range as a function of implant energy for ions (aluminum, boron, silicon, phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony) in silicon. (After J. F. Gibbons, ed., Projected Range Statistics, 2d ed., 1975)
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from article Petroleum enhanced recovery
The capillary number is the ratio of viscous forces to capillary forces in the rock, or simply the viscosity of the recovery agent times its velocity through the rock divided by the interfacial tension between the recovery agent and the oil.…
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from article Petroleum enhanced recovery
The sweep efficiency of a five-spot pattern (a producer at each corner of a square area with an injector in the center) is shown as a function of the ratio of the mobility of the recovery agent to the mobility of the oil. Breakthrough sweep…
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from article Lyophilization
Apparatus for rapid high-vacuum desiccation of frozen suspensions of biologic materials. (After A. J. Salle, Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1954)
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from article Tractor
Four-wheel tractor showing major components. (Massey-Ferguson, Inc.)
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from article Streamlining
Flow about bodies in uniform subsonic flow. (a) Blunt body. (b) Streamlined body.
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from article Streamlining
Streamlines and compression and expansion waves around a wing at supersonic speeds.
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from article Fluid coupling
Basic fluid coupling.
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from article Fluid coupling
Hydrokinematic principle.
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from article Fluid coupling
Sheave with fluid coupling. Dark portion of the figure is driven directly by motor; light portion drives the load. (Twin Disc Inc.)
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from article Fluid coupling
Starting characteristics of electric motor with fluid coupling. (a) Torque speed during acceleration. (b) Acceleration. (c) Current.
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from article Type (printing)
Eight type classifications.
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from article Type (printing)
Sizes of type in most common use.
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from article Type (printing)
A font showing roman capitals, roman lowercase, small capitals, italic capitals, and italic style.
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from article Type (printing)
A family of type.
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from article Generator
Elementary generator.
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from article Generator
Output voltage waveforms of elementary generators. (a) At slip-ring terminals, with uniform flux distribution. (b) At commutator terminals, with uniform flux distribution. (c) At slip-ring terminals, with sinusoidal flux distribution.
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from article Hydrostatics
U-tube manometer and its attendant equation for equation for determining pressure difference pA − pB.
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from article Hydrostatics
Fluid force on a plane surface. Symbols are explained in text.
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from article Hydrostatics
Fluid force on a curved surface. Symbols are explained in text.
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from article Hydrostatics
Stability of a floating body (a) at equilibrium position and (b) at angular displacement θ from equilibrium position. Symbols are explained in text.
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from article Parallel circuit
Schematic of a parallel circuit.
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from article Leaf
Leaf parts in different structural patterns. (a) Complete (stipulate and petiolate). (b) Exstipulate. (c) Sessile. (d) Expanded monocotyledon leaf with sheathing base. (e) Grass leaf. (f) Detail of e.
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from article Leaf
Leaf arrangement. (a) Helical (top view). (b) Helical with elongated internodes (alternate). (c) Opposite (decussate). (d) Whorled (verticillate).
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from article Leaf
Leaf types. (a) Simple. (b) Trifoliate. (c) Palmately compound. (d) Odd-pinnately compound. (e) Even-pinnately compound. (f) Decompound.
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from article Leaf
Leaf shapes. (a) Linear. (b) Lanceolate. (c) Oblanceolate. (d) Spatulate. (e) Ovate. (f) Obovate. (g) Elliptic. (h) Oblong. (i) Deltoid. (j) Reniform. (k) Orbicular. (l) Peltate. (m) Perfoliate. (n) Connate.
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from article Leaf
Leaf margins of various types. (a) Entire. (b) Serrate. (c) Serrulate. (d) Dentate. (e) Denticulate. (f) Crenate. (g) Undulate. (h) Incised. (i) Pinnatifid. (j) Dissected. (k) Lobed. (l) Cleft. (m) Parted.
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from article Leaf
Leaf tips and bases. (a) Acuminate. (b) Acute. (c) Obtuse. (d) Truncate. (e) Emarginate. (f) Mucronate. (g) Cuspidate. (h) Cuneate. (i) Oblique. (j) Cordate. (k) Auriculate. (l) Sagittate. (m) Hastate. (n) Clasping.
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from article Leaf
Leaf venation. (a) Dichotomous. (b) Pinnate reticulate. (c) Palmate reticulate. (d) Parallel (expanded leaf). (e) Parallel (linear leaf).
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from article Leaf
Three-dimensional diagram of internal structure of a typical dicotyledon leaf.
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from article Leaf
Leaf cross sections. (a) Beech, Fagus grandifolia. (b) Atriflex rosea. (c) Eucalyptus sp. (d) Corn, Zea mays.
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from article Leaf
Sections of beech (Fagus grandifolia) cut parallel to the surface (paradermal sections). (a) Upper epidermis. (b) Palisade parenchyma. (c) Spongy parenchyma. (d) Lower epidermis. (From N. G. Dengler, L. B. MacKay, and L. M. Gregory, Cell enlargement…
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from article Leaf
Sections of developing leaves of Calycanthus occidentalis. (a) Longitudinal section of leaf primordium. (b) Cross section of leaf primordium. (c) Cross section of young leaf blade. (From N. G. Dengler, Ontogeny of the vegetative and floral apex of…
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from article Leaf
Sections of beech (Fagus grandifolia) leaves during expansion from the winter bud. (a) Paradermal section of spongy parenchyma at time of bud swelling. Arrows indicate cell divisions in plate meristem. (b) Cross section of leaf at same stage. (c)…
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from article Land reclamation
At the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway, Wyoming, USA, a former gravel mine was restored to a marsh and pond habitat. (Credit: U.S. National Parks Service)
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from article Robotic surgery
Sofie, a technology demonstrator for robotic minimally invasive surgery in the abdominal and thoracic cavity. (Credit: Bart van Overbeeke, Eindhoven, Netherlands)
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from article Robotic surgery
Pen-shaped handles of the controller interface.
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from article Robotic surgery
Table-mounted remote-manipulator system with one of three manipulator arms.
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from article Robotic surgery
Instrument with elbow-wrist configuration.
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from article Timothy
Common timothy (Phleum pratense). (Photo by J. Schmidt, Yellowstone National Park, U.S. National Park Service)
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from article Aircraft rudder
Vertical tail of an airplane, showing location of the rudder.
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from article Sheet-metal forming
Bending process with a rubber pad. (a) Before forming. (b) After forming.
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from article Sheet-metal forming
Guerin process, the simplest rubber-forming process. (a) Before forming. (b) After forming.
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from article Sheet-metal forming
Verson-Wheelon process. (a) Before forming. (b) After forming.
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from article Sheet-metal forming
Marform process.
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from article Sheet-metal forming
Hydroform process.
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from article Sheet-metal forming
Deep-drawing process.
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from article Sheet-metal forming
Spinning processes of (a) conventional and (b) shear type.
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from article Phosphorus cycle
Phosphorus cycle. ABC = Terrestrial and aquatic components. D = Human impact. Blue arrows = natural processes. Red arrows = human activities.
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from article Phosphorus cycle
Simplified geological phosphorus cycle.
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from article Phosphorus cycle
Phosphorus cycle in the soil-plant-animal system.
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from article Phosphorus cycle
Chemical structure of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate). P = PH2O3. (a) Hayworth projection. (b) Chair conformation.
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from article Phosphorus cycle
Human impact on the global phosphorus cycle.
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from article Phosphorus cycle
Impact of phytic acid in grain on phosphorus excretion in animal manures. The areas of the circles are in proportion to the amounts of phosphorus at each stage of the process.
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from article Physical vapor deposition
Processes for generation of depositing species within vacuum chambers. (a) Evaporation deposition process using an electron-beam evaporation source. (b) Sputter deposition process.
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from article Physical vapor deposition
Alloy deposition by evaporation. (a) Two-source (A and B) evaporation arrangement yielding variable film composition. T1, T2, and T3 are temperatures of A, B, and substrate, respectively. (b) Direct evaporation of an alloy from a single rod-fed…
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from article Periderm
Cross section of the stem periderm of Sambucus nigra: (1) phellem; (2) phellogen; (3) phelloderm.
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from article Periderm
Schematic representation of a phellogen cell, shown in its natural orientation.
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from article Periderm
A lenticel as seen in a cross section of the stem periderm of Sambucus nigra.
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from article Periderm
Surface view of a bottle cork. A few annual rings and a perennial lenticel can be distinguished.
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from article Hamamelidales
Ozark witch hazel (Hamamelis vernalis), a characteristic member of the family Hamamelidaceae. The flowers of this species open in the mid to late winter. (Photo by František Pleva)
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from article Automatic frequency control (AFC)
General automatic frequency control (AFC) loop configuration. R(t) is the received signal, I(t) and Q(t) are the in-phase and quadrature components of the received signal, and E(t) is the output of the frequency discriminator that is used to control…
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from article Automatic frequency control (AFC)
Differentiate-and-multiply discriminator. R(t), I(t), Q(t), and E(t) represent the same quantities as in Fig. 1. The notation d/dt represents differentiation with respect to time; that is, the output signal of the block is equal to the rate of…
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from article Guayule
Flowering guayule (Parthenium argentatum). (Photo by Jack Dykinga, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Rocket
An artist's impression of NASA's Space Launch System in a so-called Block 1 crew vehicle configuration, conveying a capsule (atop the orange-colored core stage of the rocket) through Earth's atmosphere and into space. (Credit: NASA)
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from article Aircraft propulsion
Typical installation arrangements for one- and two-engine military combat aircraft. (a) Lockheed Martin F-16 with one-engine fuselage-mounted installation. (b) Boeing F-18 with two-engine fuselage-mounted installation. (NASA)
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from article Aircraft propulsion
Typical flight envelope of an aircraft in terms of the aircraft propulsion system limitations. Cold day, standard day, and hot day refer to U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976).
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from article Aircraft propulsion
Typical aircraft composite noise footprint for landing, full-power climb, and climb with power cutback. (After M. J. T. Smith, Aircraft Noise, 2d ed., Cambridge University Press, 2004)
