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from article Taste

Taste buds in a circumvallate papilla in a mouse tongue with taste cells visualized in color by cell-type-specific fluorescent antibodies. (Credit: Aki Taruno/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania)

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from article Taste

Illustration of the internal structures of a taste bud, which is composed of basal stem cells and three types of taste cells (dark, light, and intermediate). Taste cells extend from the base of the taste bud to the taste pore, where microvilli…

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from article Taste

Lemons and lemonade taste sour because they are very acidic and have a high concentration of hydrogen (H+) ions. (Credit: Mad Circles/Getty Images)

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from article Taste

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from article Stress (psychology)

Dimensions of stressful experiences. (Image courtesy of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health)

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from article Stress (psychology)

Diagram of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The thicker arrow indicates that the feedback of glucocorticoids on ACTH is most potent. Abbreviations: ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone.

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from article Human-factors engineering

Human-factors engineers design modern computer equipment, including ergonomic keyboards and mouse devices, to accommodate the varied physical contours and dimensions of the human hand. (Credit: JG Photography/Alamy)

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from article Human-factors engineering

Human-factors engineering addresses problems related to the design of seats, workplaces, and consoles in terms of a user's physical size, comfort, strength, and visibility. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Human-factors engineering

Cognitive engineering and the development of new technology applications.

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from article Thirst and sodium appetite

Regulation of cellular water. ADH = antidiuretic hormone.

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from article Thirst and sodium appetite

Hypovolemic thirst and sodium appetite are caused by altered sensory information from an underfilled circulation, reinforced by increases in circulating angiotensin II and mineralocorticoids. Angiotensin peptides generated from components of a…

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from article Speech

Human head and thorax. (Courtesy of G. E. Peterson)

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from article Speech

Action of the glottis during speech. (a) Six successive positions of the vocal folds in one vibration cycle at 120 Hz. (b) Relation between pitch and vocal fold tension. (Courtesy of D. W. Farnsworth)

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from article Speech

Sound spectrograms of the utterance “speech production.” (a) Energy patterns: A, pulse; B, periodic; C, aperiodic; and D, silence. (b) The dotted lines represent the pitch pattern of the utterance.

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from article Speech

Computer-generated three-dimensional spectral display of the spoken syllable “yah.”

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from article Speech

Speech flakes of vowels in the words (a) “far,” (b) “food,” and (c) “fee.” (Courtesy of Charles Wooters)

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from article Speech

Regions of the brain involved in speech. (a) Left hemisphere, usually more involved in speech functions than the right hemisphere. (b) A model for the neural processes involved in speaking a heard word. Arrows indicate the path of the relayed signal…

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from article Mental disorders

X-ray of a human brain (side view) against a black background. The image is transparent and detailed with soft blue swaps. (Credit: Brainmaster/Getty Images)

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from article Mental disorders

Colorized CT (computerizd tomography) scan of a healthy brain (view from above). The axial (horizontal) scan has revealed the head and brain in cross section. The front of the head is at the top. The ventricles (dark areas, center), which lie…

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from article Masking of sound

Three psychophysical tuning curves, showing the tonal masking effects for tonal signals of 300, 1000, or 3000 Hz. (After F. L. Wightman et al. Factors influencing frequency selectivity in normal and hearing-impaired listeners, in E. F. Evans and J.…

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from article Masking of sound

Width of the critical band in hertz as a function of signal frequency.

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from article Masking of sound

Relative amount of masking obtained in forward, simultaneous, and backward masking. (After W. A. Yost, Fundamentals of Hearing: An Introduction, 4th ed., Academic Press, New York, 2000)

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from article Masking of sound

Masking of a 1000-Hz pure-tone signal in forward masking when the masker is a two-tone complex consisting of a 1000-Hz masker and a second tone. (a) Threshold of signal for the two-tone masker relative to that obtained when only the 1000-Hz tone…

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from article Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud, the leading figure in the creation and development of psychoanalysis, in 1909. (Credit: Wellcome Images)

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from article Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is often used by psychological therapists to treat patients with neurotic, character, or personality disorders. (Credit: Michael Jung/Shutterstock)

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from article Sleep disorders

Percentages of the numbers of hours of sleep in a 24-h period among adults. The percentages are shown for men, women, and both sexes (combined), and the numbers have been age-adjusted using three age groups (18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years…

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from article Sleep disorders

Sleep histogram indicating normal sleep cycles during a typical night. Note the increasing amount of REM sleep as the night progresses. Individuals experiencing sleep disorders have disrupted sleep cycles.

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from article Color

A wall of colored tiles offers a small sampling of the range of colors humans can differentially perceive. (Credit: Shutterstock / sarkelin)

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from article Color

Three cone receptors are specialized to absorb light over characteristic ranges of wavelength, with maximum absorption at about 420 nm (blue), 530 nm (green), and 560 nm (red), respectively. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Color

1931 CIE chromaticity diagram. (Credit: Open-i service of the National Library of Medicine)

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from article Psychology

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a form of neural imaging that has applications in psychology. A magnetic resonance image, which creates an image of the brain's structure, allows researchers to map brain regions that are associated with different…

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from article Bipolar disorder

Prevalence of bipolar disorder in adults. The bar graph shows the percent of the U.S. adult population affected by bipolar disorder as it relates to age. (Credit: National Institute of Mental Health)

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from article Psychological resilience

Psychological resilience refers to positive adaptation among individuals at risk for maladjustment. There are three classes of protective factors that help people to thrive in the face of significant adversities: support from close family and…

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from article Psychological resilience

The strongest predictor of resilient adaptation is the quality of an individual's close, personal relationships. In general, positive relationships help individuals to combat adversity through collective problem solving and through the sharing of…

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from article Suicide

Methods of suicide in females and males in 1999 and 2014 in the United States. The three most prevalent methods of suicide involve firearms, suffocation, and poisoning. (Credit: National Vital Statistics System, National Center for Health…

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from article Suicide

Age-adjusted suicide rates in males and females from 1999 to 2014 in the United States. (Credit: National Vital Statistics System, National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

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from article Perception

Perception encompasses recognition in response to sensory stimuli. Stimulation of the body's receptor organs is transformed into neural activity and is relayed to more central regions of the nervous system. Then, further neural processing occurs,…

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from article Perception

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from article Perception

Perceptual organization. (a) The figure of a four (4) is immediately and spontaneously perceived, despite the presence of other overlapping and adjacent lines. (b) The four, although physically present, is not spontaneously perceived and is even…

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from article Perception

Transposition of form; the two shapes look the same despite the difference in size.

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from article Perception

This figure is not recognizable. If, however, it is tilted 90° clockwise, it will be recognized as an outline map of Africa.

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from article Perception

Geometrical illusions. (a) The Ponzo illusion in which the two horizontal lines of equal length appear unequal. (b) The Poggendorff illusion in which the two oblique line segments are aligned with one another (that is, are collinear), but appear to…

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from article Intelligence

X-ray of a human brain. Intelligence involves the integrative and adaptive functions of the brain. (Credit: Getty Images)

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from article Intelligence

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from article Seasonal affective disorder

Exposure to bright light via a light-therapy box during winter is an effective treatment for individuals suffering from seasonal affective disorder. (Credit: Getty Images)

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from article Seasonal affective disorder

Individuals suffering from seasonal affective disorder often exhibit a variety of symptoms of depression, including increased sleep length, weight gain, and craving for carbohydrates, as well as sexual and social problems, anxiety, lethargy, and…

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from article Schizophrenia risk genes

Genomic distribution of schizophrenia-associated variants. Represented by red dots, these variants signpost the genomic neighborhoods of schizophrenia risk genes on the 24 human chromosomes. Clusters of association signals (“hot spots”) are visible.…

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from article Cognition

The internal structures and processes that constitute the basis for cognition emanate from the brain (shown here in a colorized magnetic resonance image). (Credit: Shutterstock)

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from article Cognition

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from article Cognition

Light micrograph of Purkinje neurons (light blue) in the cerebellum. Nerve cells of the brain act collectively to process information needed for proper cognitive functioning. (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo)

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from article Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a modern-day approach to psychotherapy, focusing on understanding the relationship among feelings (emotions), thoughts, and behaviors that occur daily.

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from article Cognitive-behavioral therapy

A CBT therapist can help a patient to (1) identify critical behaviors, thoughts, and emotions; (2) practice effective strategies to address symptoms; and (3) work toward stated goals and behavior change, eventually to decrease and manage symptoms of…

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from article Information processing (psychology)

The four major lobes of the cerebral cortex, that is, the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, are responsible for different aspects of information processing. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Information processing (psychology)

Horizontal associative memory with a serious associative interference problem (who plays tennis—John, Peter, or both?) and no encoding of where each proposition begins and ends. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Information processing (psychology)

Vertical associative memory where concepts are grouped into phrases and propositions by associating each concept to a higher-order node that represents the entire group. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Learning

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from article Learning

Brain activity can be recorded in various ways, from single-cell activity (top tracing) to the familiar electrical patterns ("brain waves") of an electroencephalogram (bottom tracing). (Credit: Based on an original drawing by C. Cotman and J.…

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from article Bullying

Depression scores (numbers shown on the y axis) were found to be higher in youths who were frequently involved with bullying behaviors (at a rate of two or three times per month), regardless of the type of bullying involved, compared to youths who…

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from article Behavioral psychophysics

Diagram of the apparatus for measuring the pigeon's absolute visual threshold. (After D S. Blough, A method for obtaining psychophysical thresholds from the pigeon, J. Exp. Anal. Behav., 1:31–43, 1958)

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from article Reproductive behavior

The mating of dragonflies encompasses a number of reproductive behaviors. Typically, the male is in front and the female is behind. If the female is willing to mate, she bends her abdomen forward to collect sperm from the male's accessory genitalia,…

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from article Reproductive behavior

Sage-grouse lek. Males stake out and defend territories on a traditional breeding ground. Females breed with males in selected territories. (Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Reproductive behavior

Two bull northern elephant seals fighting for dominance on the beach. (Credit: eoind/Getty Images)

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from article Reproductive behavior

Natterjack toad giving a mating call with its vocal sac expanded. (Credit: Bobby Bok)

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from article Reproductive behavior

Mating behavior of sticklebacks: (a) zigzag dance of a male, which leads a female to the nest; (b) the male stimulates the female in the nest to lay eggs; (c) schematic portrayal of the events in a courtship sequence. (Credit: Based on original…

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from article Reproductive behavior

Lordosis in a female rodent. When mounted, the females of many mammalian species adopt the lordotic posture, rendering copulation possible. Note the concave arching of the spine. (Credit: Based on an original drawing by L. C. Drickamer and S. H.…

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from article Reproductive behavior

A black-browed albatross feeding a chick. This is one example in which parental care may be extensive and prolonged. (Credit: Vetta/Getty Images)

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from article Maternal behavior

In this display of maternal behavior, a mother robin pauses while feeding her three chicks. (Credit: Paul Mozell/Alamy Images)

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from article Maternal behavior

The mother cow is responsible for providing milk for the young calf. (Credit: Anjo Kan/Shutterstock)

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from article Hallucination

Brain regions that may be involved in hallucinations. The thalamus, another important brain structure, is not depicted here as it is buried deep inside the brain. (Copyright © American Psychological Association; reproduced with permission from A.…

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from article Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a serious disorder and can have severe health consequences that go far beyond simple weight loss. (Credit: Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services)

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from article Anorexia nervosa

Incidence (%) of eating disorders among teenagers (13 to 18 years old) in the United States. Three types of eating disorders are included in the data: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Note that female teens are much more…

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from article Speech perception

An auditory spectrogram of the world “telephone.” (a) The vertical striations in the bands represent amplitude modulation at the frequency of the voice pitch. Such striations are absent from the initial noise portion corresponding to the voiceless…

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from article Problem solving (psychology)

Composite view of a colorized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of a human brain blended with a cross-section illustration of a human head. Cognitive psychology attempts to understand the integral mental processes of the human brain involved in…

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from article Problem solving (psychology)

The game of chess involves many aspects of problem solving. In chess playing, a solution consists of an attempt to convert an initial state of a task (for example, a chessboard before the first move is made) into a final or goal state (checkmate)…

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from article Stereoscopy

Diagram of stereoscopic vision.

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from article Autism

The prevalence of autism has been on the rise in the United States since the 1970s. The latest estimate of autism is 1 in every 59 children. (Credit: Illustration based on data derived from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

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from article Autism

A pie chart indicating the first person who is concerned about a child's behavior or development. Typically, parents notice the language delays or stereotypic behaviors of children with autism. (Credit: Illustration based on data derived from the…

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from article Instrumental conditioning

Instrumental or operant conditioning is a learning process wherein behavior is altered by the effects of the resulting consequences. For example, a rat may learn to press a lever when this action produces food. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Phobia

Average annual prevalence of specific phobias among adults in the United States. (Credit: National Institute of Mental Health)

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from article Phobia

Average severity (degree of impairment) of agoraphobia among adults suffering from this phobic disorder in the United States. (Credit: National Institute of Mental Health)

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from article Signal detection theory

Receiver operating characteristics.

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from article Reflex

Simplified diagram of the excitatory component of a stretch reflex.

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from article Reflex

Diagram of the flexor and crossed extensor reflexes. This reflex is said to be monosynaptic because there is a single synapse between the sensory neuron and motor neuron.

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from article Alcoholism

Deaths as a result of alcohol poisoning: (left) alcohol poisoning deaths are most common among middle-aged adults; (right) men are approximately three times more likely to die from alcohol poisoning compared to women. (Credit: National Vital…

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from article Alcoholism

Punctate hemorrhages in the mammillary bodies of the brain displaying evidence of Wernicke encephalopathy. This complication is often seen in chronic alcohol abusers and affects thiamine uptake and utilization. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Alcoholism

Alcohol dependence or abuse among adults aged 21 years or older within a 12-month period as a function of the age of the individual at the first use of alcohol. (Credit: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of…

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from article Electroencephalography

Normal EEG waves. (a) The alpha rhythm in the waking record blocks at eye opening; eyes opened at A and closed at B. (b) A light-sleep EEG has theta waves and a sleep hump at C and spindles at D. (c) Deep sleep reveals constant, irregular slow delta…

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from article Electroencephalography

Two examples of display conventions for topographic mapping. (a) Gray-scale technique, depicting amplitude of electrical discharge at particular points in time across the cortex. The maps display comparison of an individual's electroencephalogram…

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from article Electroencephalography

Primary elements of equipment required for topographic mapping of brain electrical activity.

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from article Addiction and addictive disorders

Specific illicit drug dependence or abuse in a typical 12-month period among persons aged 12 years or older. (Illustration and data derived from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human…

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from article Addiction and addictive disorders

First specific drug associated with initiation of illicit drug use. (Illustration and data derived from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, U.S. National Institutes of Health)

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from article Addiction and addictive disorders

Structure of heroin.

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from article Addiction and addictive disorders

Structure of methadone.

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from article Persuasive technology

Individuals can achieve healthier lifestyles through persuasive technologies. A tracking bracelet collects data from various fitness activities (running, walking, sleeping, and other fitness pursuits). The data are then sent to a mobile phone with…

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from article Persuasive technology

Persuasive systems are computerized software or information systems designed to reinforce, change, or shape attitudes or behaviors (or both) without using coercion or deception. (Credit: shapecharge/Getty Images)

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from article Sleep-dependent memory processing

The sleep cycle, memory systems, and memory stages. (a) The human sleep cycle. Across the night, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep cycle every 90 minutes in an ultradian manner (that is, occurring in cycles that are repeated…

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from article Sleep-dependent memory processing

Sleep-dependent motor skill learning. (a) Wake first. After morning training (10 a.m., clear bar), subjects showed no significant change in performance when tested after 12 hours of wake time (10 p.m., clear bar). However, when tested again…

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from article Sleep-dependent memory processing

Sleep-dependent integration of human relational memory. (a) Delayed inference (associative) memory performance (% correct) in a relational memory task following different offline delays. Immediate testing after just a 20-min offline delay…

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from article Poverty, stress, and cognitive functioning

Socioeconomic studies that measure ERP responses. (a) Grand averaged standard extrastriate (P1 and N1) event-related potential (ERP) components for high-SES (HSES) and low-SES (LSES) groups at the PO8 electrode. (Note that the P1 and N1 components…

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from article Poverty, stress, and cognitive functioning

Results of an fMRI study. (a) The three parts of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG): the orbital part (green), the triangular part (red), and the opercular part (blue). (b) The correlation between SES and left-minus-right rhyme task activity in the…

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