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from article Plutonium
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from article Nanostructure
Schematic of four basic types of nanostructured materials, classified according to integral modulation dimensionality. (a) Dimensionality 0: clusters of any aspect ratio from 1 to infinity. (b) Dimensionality 1: multilayers. (c) Dimensionality 2:…
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from article Nanostructure
Optical properties of cadmium sulfide (CdS) cluster assemblages. (a) Optical absorption spectra of CdS clusters in sodalite cages of zeolite Y for two different loadings compared to that for bulk CdS (micrometer size). (b) Cage structure of zeolite…
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from article Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy
Powder and single-crystal EPR spectra due to Cu2+ ions in calcium cadmium acetate hexahydrate at room temperature. The single-crystal spectra, with the magnetic field making angles of 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° with the symmetry axis (//), illustrate…
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from article Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy
Room-temperature solution spectrum of the betaine free-radical cation in toluene at a microwave frequency of 9.28877 GHz. The spectrum would be more symmetric at higher microwave frequencies. (Courtesy of Dr. G. R. Hanson)
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from article Dipole
Electric dipole with moment μ = Qd.
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from article Optical pumping
Light absorption and atom excitation from the ground state E1 to the excited state E2.
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from article Optical pumping
Optical pumping and stimulated emission in a three-level system.
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from article Optical pumping
Multiwavelength amplification in an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA).
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from article Optical pumping
Stimulated Raman process.
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from article Optical pumping
Two-photon absorption process.
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from article Electroscope
Electroscope. (a) Being charged by induction by negative charge on hard-rubber rod R. (b) Positive charge left on its leaf after induction process is complete. (c) Testing the sign of an unknown charge on test ball T.
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from article Chemiluminescence
The blue inner cone of a methane/air flame in a Bunsen burner is an example of chemiluminescence. (Credit: Stephen Frisch/McGraw-Hill)
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from article Paracrinoidea
Reconstructions of two paracrinoids showing different proposed living positions. (a) Amygdalocystites from the Late Ordovician of Ontario, Canada, held up some distance in the water column by a curved attached stem (after T. E. Guensburg, J.…
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from article Thermal analysis
Typical thermogravimetric curve for calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, Ca(NO3)2 · 4H2O, illustrating mass (m) loss.
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from article Thermal analysis
Diagram of heating and temperature sensing units for differential thermal analysis. The oven heats the sample and the reference, and thermocouples determine ΔT (change in temperature) as well as the oven temperature.
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from article Thermal analysis
Typical thermogravimetric curve for calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, Ca(NO3)2 · 4H2O, for differential thermal analysis when the y axis is ΔT, and for differential scanning calorimetry when the y axis has units of heat flow in milliwatts.
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from article Thermal analysis
Diagram of heating and temperature sensing units for differential scanning calorimetry. The main heater heats the sample and the reference equally and at a rate slightly less than the preset heating rate. Individual sample and reference heaters add…
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from article Fluid mechanics
Hydrostatic fluid properties. cg = centroid of the plane.
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from article Fluid mechanics
No-slip condition and shear stress set up by velocity gradients.
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from article Fluid mechanics
Streamlines for uniform flow of a frictionless, incompressible fluid past a circular cylinder. This idealized flow pattern exhibits double symmetry.
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from article Fluid mechanics
Actual flow pattern for viscous flow past a circular cylinder at a moderately high Reynolds number. The outer stream is grossly perturbed by broad flow separation and wake. (After F. M. White, Fluid Mechanics, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1986)
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from article Fluid mechanics
Pipe-flow transition experiment. (a) Low ReD, laminar flow. (b) High ReD, turbulent flow. (c) Spark photograph of turbulent flow condition. (After O. Reynolds, an experimental investigation of the circumstances which determine whether the motion of…
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from article Fluid mechanics
Comparison of (a) laminar and (b) turbulent pipe flows at the same volume flow rate (m3/s). V = average flow velocity; umax = maximum flow velocity. (After F. M. White, Fluid Mechanics, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1986)
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from article Fluid mechanics
Compressible duct flow through a converging-diverging nozzle. As receiver pressure drops, the throat becomes sonic and the downstream flow supersonic.
