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Phase diagram for water, showing gas, liquid, and several solid (ice) phases; triple points at A, B, and C. The pressure scale changes at 101 kilopascals from logarithmic scale at low pressure to linear at high pressure.

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from article Inertial confinement fusion

Ablative indirect drive and ablative direct drive. (a) In laser-illuminated, ablative indirect drive, the ICF target consists of a cylindrical hohlraum (hollow room) in which laser light is injected through the two holes in the end caps and heats…

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from article Inertial confinement fusion

X-ray images with a framing camera (developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) from a directly driven inertial confinement fusion capsule at the University of Rochester's Omega Facility. The camera has 80-ps exposure time and 55-ps time…

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from article Inertial confinement fusion

Deuterium–tritium fuel ion temperature and density at ignition, plotted against normalized radius, for a typical high-gain capsule.

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from article Inertial confinement fusion

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Its driver is the world's largest laser. The 1.8 MJ of ultraviolet light (351-nm wavelength from frequency-tripled neodymium:glass laser light) is generated with…

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from article Inertial confinement fusion

Progress toward ignition on NIF is illustrated by the plot of no-burn D–T equivalent yield in number of neutrons versus the value of ρr inferred from the energy lost by fusion neutrons during passage out of the compressed fuel. These experiments…

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from article Inertial confinement fusion

View of the combined Z Machine and Z-Beamlet laser facility (lower left) with exploded view of the cross section of the Z Machine (upper left). Both will be used to drive the MagLIF capsule (right) at Sandia National Laboratories. The 10-kJ…

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from article Inertial confinement fusion

Computed capsule gains (energy yield divided by absorbed energy) from 1D simulations of the principal (radial) dynamics for ablative direct drive of a perfect capsule, which is irradiated by either 248-nm laser light or 351-nm laser light with…

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from article Inertial confinement fusion

Electra, an ∼500 J/pulse, electron-beam pumped KrF laser at the Naval Research Laboratory. It has achieved 90,000 shots in a continuous run and 330,000 shots in 8 days at 2.5–5 Hz.

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from article Inertial confinement fusion

Conceptual design of the X-target. (Credit: Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory)

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from article Renner-Teller effect

Bending potential function V for a degenerate electronic state of a linear molecule as a function of displacement r, and for three values (0, 0.5, 1.0) of the Renner parameter ε. In the absence of Renner-Teller splitting (ε = 0) there is a single…

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from article Capacitance

Parallel-plate capacitor P1, P2 with guard ring GG. Spacing between guard ring and plate is exaggerated. (a) Cross section with all parts of capacitor at ground potential. (b) Top view showing plate P1 surrounded by guard ring. (c) Cross section of…

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from article Capacitance

Variable air capacitor.

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from article Capacitance

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from article Capacitance

Wound-roll construction of plastic film and paper capacitors.

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from article Capacitance

Ceramic capacitor constructed in chip form, showing cutaway of finished chip.

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from article Capacitance

Tantalum electrolytic capacitor showing cross section. (General Electric Co.)

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from article Capacitance

Construction and polarity markings of aluminum electrolytic capacitor. (a) Cross section. (b Polarization markings for tabular capacitor with axial leads. (c) Polarization markings for capacitor with radial leads. (After A. Mottershead, Electricity…

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from article Capacitance

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from article Curie temperature

Variation of spontaneous magnetization of a ferromagnetic material with temperature.

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from article Curie temperature

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from article Reactance

Circuit with a resistor and capacitor in parallel.

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from article Open channel

Types of open-channel flow. The inverted triangles denote the free surface of the flow. (a) Unsteady flow. (b) Steady, uniform flow. (c) Steady, gradually varied flow (GVF) and steady, rapidly varied flow (RVF). (After T. W. Sturm, Open Channel…

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from article Integrated optics