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The relationship stating that the magnitude of the electrical current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and inversely proportional to the circuit's resistance. One of the simplest and most intuitive electrical laws, Ohm's…

An electric circuit in which the elements, branches (elements in series), or components are connected between two points, with one of the two ends of each component connected to each point. The illustration shows a simple parallel circuit. In more…

A branch of mathematics involving numerical measures of how likely it is that a particular event will occur. A probability is a number between 0 and 1. An event that will never occur has a probability of zero, and an event that is certain to occur…

The study of chemical changes resulting from the absorption of high-energy ionizing radiation. Such radiation includes alpha particles, electrons, gamma rays, fission fragments, protons, deuterons, helium nuclei, and heavier charged projectiles.…

In medicine and health sciences, a value expected for an individual whose state of health is known and well described, and the interval of values broadly expected for a population, respectively. Results of clinical laboratory tests and other…

A general theory of physics, primarily conceived by German-born U.S. theoretical physicist Albert Einstein, which involves a profound analysis of time and space, leading to a generalization of physical laws with far-reaching implications in…

A solid crystalline material whose electrical conductivity is intermediate between that of a metal and an insulator. Semiconductors exhibit conduction properties that may be temperature-dependent, permitting their use as thermistors…

The theory that explains the three fundamental interactions of elementary particle physics—the strong interaction responsible for nuclear forces, the weak interaction responsible for radioactive decay, and the electromagnetic interaction—in terms of…

The branch of mechanics that describes bodies which are acted upon by balanced forces and torques so that the bodies remain at rest or in uniform motion. Statics includes point particles, rigid bodies, fluids, and deformable solids in general.…

The field of knowledge concerned with collecting, analyzing, and presenting data. Statistical methods are regularly used by researchers in the physical, biological, and social sciences, as well as engineers, business managers, government officials…