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Reaction mechanism for the phosphatase-catalyzed hydrolysis of a phosphoric acid ester. Steps: (1) Noncovalent binding of the phosphatase (EH) to the organic substrate (RPO42−). (2) Release of an alcohol from the complex and covalent binding of…

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from article Fungal genomics

Fungal papers published by year that included the term genome or genomics.

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from article Genetically engineered plant

Stalks of genetically engineered barley. This particular genetically engineered plant carries a gene that helps it to resist attack by barley yellow dwarf virus. (Credit: Jack Dykinga/Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)

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from article Genetically engineered plant

Plasmid vector schematic illustrating the common elements of a plasmid vector that is used to deliver the gene (or genes) of interest to plant cells that have been prepped for transformation. Depending on the transformation technique, the components…

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from article Genetically engineered plant

A simplified schematic showing the elements of a gene gun as used in biolistic transformation of plant cells. Plasmid vectors that contain the gene of interest and other vector components are purified and coated onto microscopic particles of gold or…

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from article Genetically engineered plant

The basic steps in transforming plants using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid vectors are manipulated to remove the opine production genes, which the bacterium transfers to the plant in nature. In their place,…

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from article Genetically engineered plant

The binary vector system allows scientists to manipulate only a small vector (plasmid B) that contains the T-DNA region (the DNA to be transferred to the plant), whereas other trans-acting components of the Ti plasmid that are needed for DNA…

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from article Liver disorders

Fatty metamorphosis (fatty liver) can affect the entire liver in alcoholics. Fatty liver also can occur as a result of other processes, including malnutrition and obesity, and is referred to as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (Copyright © McGraw…

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from article Insectivora

Buena Vista Lake ornate shrew (Sorex ornatus relictus) sitting on the palm of a hand. (Photo courtesy of California State University, Stanislaus; and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Insectivora

Reconstruction of Deinogalerix, an extinct giant insectivore (erinaceid) from the Miocene of Italy. (Adapted from M. Freudenthal, Deinogalerix koenigswaldi nov. gen., nov. spec., a giant insectivore from the Neogene of Italy, Scr. Geol., 14:1–19,…