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from article Information processing (psychology)

The four major lobes of the cerebral cortex, that is, the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, are responsible for different aspects of information processing. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Information processing (psychology)

Horizontal associative memory with a serious associative interference problem (who plays tennis—John, Peter, or both?) and no encoding of where each proposition begins and ends. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Information processing (psychology)

Vertical associative memory where concepts are grouped into phrases and propositions by associating each concept to a higher-order node that represents the entire group. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Octopoda

An octopod swimming in the ocean. (Credit: Getty Images/iStockphoto)

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from article Octopoda

Hapalochlaena maculosa, the Southern or lesser blue-ringed octopus, has vivid, small blue rings on its body and arms, highlighted with black outlines. Location: Mrs. Watson's Bay, Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. (Credit: Clyde F. E.…

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from article Octopoda

Hapalochlaena fasciata, the blue-lined octopus, has vivid blue lines on its body and rings on its arms, highlighted with black outlines. Location: Long Reef, New South Wales, Australia. (Credit: Clyde F. E. Roper)

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from article Octopoda

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from article Polyplacophora

Chiton on a rock surface. (Photo courtesy of the NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)

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from article Polyplacophora

Polyplacophoran mollusk (chiton): (a) dorsal view; (b) ventral view.

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from article Pituitary gland disorders

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from article Pituitary gland disorders

Infarction (obstruction of the blood supply) of the pituitary gland. This pituitary gland is almost entirely infarcted. Only a thin rim of viable cells remains (arrow). Pituitary infarcts can occur during pregnancy (Sheehan's disease) or as a result…

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from article Trace fossils

Domichnial dwelling burrow with pelleted wall, probably created by a burrowing crustacean. Ophiomorpha, Cretaceous, North Dakota. (From W. Häntzschel, in C. Teichert, ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pt. W, revised, University of Kansas…

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from article Trace fossils

Highly branched, fodinichnial mining burrow, possibly produced by a deposit-feeding crustacean or worm. (a) Chondrites, Tertiary, Austria. (b) Chondrites, Tertiary, Spain. (From W. Häntzschel, in C. Teichert, ed., Treatise on Invertebrate…

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from article Trace fossils

Agrichnial farming trace of an unknown organism, composed of a hexagonal, meshlike network of tunnels. Paleodictyon, Tertiary, Poland. (Photograph by W. Häntzschel)

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from article Trace fossils

Agrichnial farming traces of unknown organisms, including a double-spiral tunnel (Spirorhaphe) and a meshlike network of tunnels (Paleodictyon). Tertiary, Austria. (Photograph by W. Häntzschel)

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from article Trace fossils

Loosely meandering, agrichnial farming trace of an unknown organism. Cosmorhaphe, Tertiary, Poland. (From W. Häntzschel, in C. Teichert, ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pt. W, revised, University of Kansas Press, 1975)

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from article Trace fossils

Praedichnial boring drilled in a bivalve shell by a carnivorous gastropod. Oichnus, Recent, Texas. (Photograph by A. A. Ekdale)

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from article Trace fossils

Tightly meandering, pascichnial grazing trail, created by an unknown worm. Helminthoida, Tertiary, Austria. (From W. Häntzschel, in C. Teichert, ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pt. W, revised, University of Kansas Press, 1975)

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from article Trace fossils

Repichnial trail of an arthropod, possibly a trilobite. Cruziana, Cambrian, Alberta. (Photograph by J. P. A. Magwood)

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from article Trace fossils

Unnamed escape structure (fugichnial trace) in sandstone. Cretaceous, Utah. (Photograph by A. A. Ekdale)

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from article Trace fossils

Cubichnial resting trace of an ophiuroid brittle star. Asteriacites, Jurassic, Germany. (Photograph by W. Häntzschel)

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from article Trace fossils

Complex, composite ichnofabric created by numerous successive phases of burrowing in a fine-grained pelagic carbonate deposit, which has been weakly cemented to become chalk. Upper Cretaceous, Denmark. (Photograph by A. A. Ekdale and R. G. Bromley)

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from article Aconchulinida

Aconchulinida. (a) Penardia cometa. (b) Penardia mutabilis.

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from article Phonoreception

Generalized sketch of the vertebrate labyrinth. The three cristae, macula ultriculi, and macula sacculi are always present in vertebrates, and the other endings appear as indicated, with a few exceptions.

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from article Phonoreception

Diagram (from above) of the two labyrinths of an ostariophysan fish and their connections with the swim bladder through the Weberian ossicles.

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from article Phonoreception

Simplified diagram of the frog ear.

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from article Phonoreception

Diagram of the ear of a snake. The nonauditory parts and endings are not shown.

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from article Phonoreception

Auditory sensitivity of a wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta), as shown by the potentials produced in its ear by sounds. The curve shows the sound pressure necessary to produce a potential of 0.3 microvolt.

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from article Phonoreception

Graph showing threshold sensitivity in the bullfinch (mean of four birds). (Credit: J. Schwartzkopff)

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from article Phonoreception

Auditory thresholds in primates. The curves show the sound pressures that are barely audible for humans, chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, and marmosets.

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from article Phonoreception

Diagram of the ear of a grasshopper.

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from article Phonoreception

Auditory thresholds of the katydid (Conocephalus strictus). Sensitivity is greatest in the 7000–60,000-Hz region. (Credit: E. G. Wever and J. A. Vernon)

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from article Siphonaptera

Head of Spilopsyllus cuniculi (rabbit flea), with extended mouthparts.

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from article Neandertals

Neandertal cranium excavated from Forbes' Quarry, Gibraltar. Note the pronounced brow ridges, large braincase, and receding forehead. (Credit: Clive Finlayson/Gibraltar Museum)

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from article Neandertals

Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, is the last known site of Neandertal occupation, being dated possibly to 30,000 years ago. (Credit: Clive Finlayson/Gibraltar Museum)

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from article Neandertals

Reconstructed skull of a Neandertal from the cave at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France. (Credit: Illustration adapted from an original drawing by M. F. Ashley Montagu)

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from article Colemanite

Fundamental building block in the crystal structure of colemanite.

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from article Colemanite

Crystal structure of colemanite viewed down the a axis. The 〈Δ2□&x3009 x232A; rings link to form chains of borate polyhedra parallel to the c axis.

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from article Island biogeography

Equilibrium number of species (Sequilibrium) is determined by the intersection of the immigration ( I ) and extinction ( E ) rate curves. P is the maximum number of species in the source pool.

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from article Notch signaling

Notch-ligand interactions. Two Notch ligands, Delta and Serrate, are shown on the signal-sending cell (left). These ligands are distinguished by differing numbers of EGF-like repeats (indicated by the light boxes) and an extracellular cysteine-rich…

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from article Folic acid

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from article Digenea

Diagrams of various adult types of digenean trematodes. (After R. M. Cable, An Illustrated Laboratory Manual of Parasitology, Burgess, Minneapolis, 1940)

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from article Digenea

Digenean trematode life cycle. (After R. M. Cable, An Illustrated Laboratory Manual of Parasitology, Burgess, Minneapolis, 1940)

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from article Emerald

Emerald crystals. (Credit: Reimphoto/Getty Images)

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from article Urinary bladder

Light micrograph of the healthy transitional epithelium tissue (stained by hematoxylin and eosin) of a urinary bladder. The transitional epithelium is a type of tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells, which can contract and expand.…

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from article Urinary bladder

Types of tubal bladders: (a) duplex; (b) bilobed; (c) simplex, with ureters united; (d) simplex, with separate ureters. (Credit: H. E. Walter and L. P. Sayles)

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from article Learning

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from article Learning

Brain activity can be recorded in various ways, from single-cell activity (top tracing) to the familiar electrical patterns ("brain waves") of an electroencephalogram (bottom tracing). (Credit: Based on an original drawing by C. Cotman and J.…

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from article Biofilm

Biofilms are highly structured communities of microorganisms that are surface-associated or attached to one another, and are enclosed within a self-produced protective extracellular matrix. Biofilm formation and actions involve a number of stages:…

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from article Ctenothrissiformes

A Cretaceous ctenothrissiform fossil, Ctenothrissa sp. (order Ctenothrissiformes), on a limestone matrix found in Lebanon. Size: 90 mm (3.5 in.). (Photo courtesy of The Virtual Fossil Museum)

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