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from article Biofilm

Biofilms are highly structured communities of microorganisms that are surface-associated or attached to one another, and are enclosed within a self-produced protective extracellular matrix. Biofilm formation and actions involve a number of stages:…

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from article Ecosystem

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from article Ecosystem

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from article Ecosystem

Food chains are limited by energy transfer. In this illustration, energy is transferred from the Sun to a plant (producer) to a primary consumer and to a secondary consumer. Energy is used by the producer and consumer organisms and is lost to the…

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from article Ecosystem

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from article Ecosystem

General model of the carbon cycle in ecosystems: (A) carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air; (B) carbon from decomposition; (C) carbon from fossil fuels; (D) natural events (for example, forest fires and volcanoes) release CO2 into the air. (Copyright ©…

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from article Biodiversity

Global biodiversity hotspots. There are more than 30 biodiversity hotspots located around the world. These areas have experienced severe habitat losses (at least 70%) as the result of human activities, hampering the work of conservationists in their…

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from article Biodiversity

A regional analysis of 25 oceanic regions shows that 92% of all known biodiversity falls into a dozen groups, of which crustaceans (for example, crabs, shrimps, and lobsters), mollusks (for example, snails, bivalves, squids, and octopus), and fish…

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from article Biodiversity