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from article Ecosystem
Levels of organization in ecosystems, which involve both biotic (living) components and abiotic (nonliving, physical) components. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Ecosystem
General model of energy flow through ecosystems. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Ecosystem
Food chains are limited by energy transfer. In this illustration, energy is transferred from the Sun to a plant (producer) to a primary consumer and to a secondary consumer. Energy is used by the producer and consumer organisms and is lost to the…
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from article Ecosystem
General model of the nitrogen cycle in ecosystems. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Ecosystem
General model of the carbon cycle in ecosystems: (A) carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air; (B) carbon from decomposition; (C) carbon from fossil fuels; (D) natural events (for example, forest fires and volcanoes) release CO2 into the air. (Copyright ©…
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from article Biodiversity
Global biodiversity hotspots. There are more than 30 biodiversity hotspots located around the world. These areas have experienced severe habitat losses (at least 70%) as the result of human activities, hampering the work of conservationists in their…
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from article Biodiversity
A regional analysis of 25 oceanic regions shows that 92% of all known biodiversity falls into a dozen groups, of which crustaceans (for example, crabs, shrimps, and lobsters), mollusks (for example, snails, bivalves, squids, and octopus), and fish…
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from article Biodiversity
Ecosystem function (a) as a positive, linear function of biodiversity and (b) as a nonlinear, satiating function of biodiversity.
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from article Urodela
A typical member of the order Urodela: the longtail salamander (Eurycea longicauda). (Photo by Ryan Hagerty, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)
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from article Urodela
World distribution of salamanders (order Urodela), indicated by areas of shaded blue color.
