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from article Vacuum pump
Comparison of the degree of vacuum attained by important types of vacuum pumps.
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from article Vacuum pump
Chief components of rotary oil-seal pump.
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from article Vacuum pump
Diagram of the water aspirator pump. Utilization of (a) water and (b) steam.
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from article Vacuum pump
Main operating features of diffusion pump.
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from article Vacuum pump
Size comparison of two diffusion pumps.
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from article Vacuum pump
The principal features of an ion pump.
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from article Platinum
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from article Medical control systems
Diagram of selected portions of the human motor control system. (After G. L. Gottlieb, D. M. Corcos, and G. C. Agarwal, Strategies for the control of voluntary movements with one mechanical degree of freedom, Behav. Brain Sci., 12:189–250, 1989)
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from article Medical control systems
Electric hand, a myoelectric prosthesis. (a) Two views of the hand, 2.5 in. (6 cm) across the knuckles, with the cover removed in one view to show the electric motor drive circuit. (b) Child using the electric hand. (Hugh Steeper Ltd.)
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from article Medical control systems
Hybrid control system using both functional electrical stimulation and orthoses. (a) Hierarchical control scheme. (b) Braces in use. (c) Detail of leg brace. (After Y. Kim and F. A. Spelman, eds., Images of the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of…
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from article Medical control systems
Autoclavable pacemaker with a lithium silver vanadium pentoxide battery. (After W. Greatbatch, Pacemaker power sources, IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag., 3(2):15–19, June 1984)
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from article Medical control systems
Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD) system with pulse generator, leads, and external programmer. (S. Nisam, Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc.)
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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change
Subarctic tundra and vegetation of the Denali National Park and Preserve in Alaska. As a result of climate change and the resultant poleward and upward shift of plant ranges, plants and their ecosystems may become particularly vulnerable. (Credit:…
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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change
Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) growing in Montana. As a result of warming temperatures, this type of grass could face decreased productivity, allowing forbs to increase and making the ecosystem less tolerant of drought and grazing. (Credit: Matt…
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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change
Modeled distribution of suitable climate space in Europe for stiff sedge (Carex bigelowii), which is an Arctic-Alpine plant: (a) during the period 1961–1990 (green color = suitable climate space during the 1961–1990 period); (b) climate model…
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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change
The endangered western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclara) is declining across much of its range in North America. (Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)
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from article Geologic time scale
Geologic time scale. CLICK on image to enlarge. (Credit: International Commission on Stratigraphy, 2022)
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from article Geophysical exploration
Bouguer gravity of a portion of the Perth Basin, Western Australia. Contour interval is 1 milliGal; datum is arbitrary. Departures from regularity are called anomalies. The bulge A results from an uplift area, the contour offset along BB′ is an…
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from article Geophysical exploration
Variation of shape measurements across an anomaly. Among the shape factors sometimes measured are A, the distance over which the slope is maximum; B, the distance between points where the slope is half of the maximum slope; C, half the width of the…
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from article Geophysical exploration
Bending of seismic waves at interface; V2 > V1.
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from article Geophysical exploration
Wavefronts become more widely spaced and ray paths become curved as velocity increases with depth.
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from article Geophysical exploration
Measuring reflected seismic wave energy. (a) Dipping reflector. (b) Flat reflector.
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from article Geophysical exploration
Refractive seismic exploration data. (a) Section through model of layered earth. Curves (wavefronts) indicate location of seismic energy at successive times after a shot at A. Beyond B, energy traveling in the second layer arrives first; beyond C,…
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from article Geophysical exploration
Reflection of seismic energy obtained from reflection point R (common midpoint) by positioning a source at A and a detector at A′. The same point is involved with a source at B and a detector at B′, or C and C′. The redundancy in measuring…
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from article Geophysical exploration
Seismic surveying at sea is done by towing a long streamer containing detectors that sense seismic energy. Seismic energy is generated by several air guns that are also towed from the ship.
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from article Geophysical exploration
Seismic record section from the North Sea. The layer from about 2 to 2.3 s at the right edge is composed primarily of salt that has undergone plastic flow. The folding of the rock formations is attributed to this salt movement. The upfolding (an…
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from article Highway engineering
The practice of highway engineering has evolved to include the effective and efficient management of existing infrastructure (such as pavement, bridges, and traffic equipment) and operations (such as safety and congestion) throughout the life cycle…
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from article Highway engineering
Typical (a) plan view and (b) profile view of a highway section.
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from article Highway engineering
Typical highway cross section. IS, inside shoulder; OS, outside shoulder.
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from article Highway engineering
Cross sections of (a) typical flexible pavement and (b) typical rigid pavement. Some designs include a subbase layer, between the base and subgrade.
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from article Computer-aided circuit design
Four phases in creating a microelectronic chip. (a) Design. (b) Fabrication. (c) Testing. (d) Packaging. (After G. De Micheli, Synthesis and Optimization of Digital Circuits, McGraw-Hill, 1994)
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from article Computer-aided circuit design
Three abstraction levels of a circuit representation. (a) Architectural level. (b) Logic level. (c) Geometrical level. (After G. De Micheli, Synthesis and Optimization of Digital Circuits, McGraw-Hill, 1994)
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from article Auger electron spectroscopy
Schematic diagram of an Auger electron being ejected from a carbon atom for a KL2L2 transition. Round forms are electrons.
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from article Auger electron spectroscopy
Integral (upper) and differential (lower) mode spectra of sputter-cleaned copper with the most intense peaks identified: A, M2,3M4,5M4,5; B, L3M4,5M4,5; C, L3M2,3M4,5; D, L3M2,3M2,3.
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from article Safety valve
Typical safety valve.
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from article Molecular electronics
Schematic of a break-junction apparatus for measuring the electrical properties of a molecular junction. (Courtesy of Mark A. Reed)
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from article Molecular electronics
Illustration of self-assembled monolayer. (Courtesy of Mark A. Reed)
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from article Solar heating and cooling
Flat-plate solar collector. 1. Sunlight: Sunlight travels through the glass and hits the dark material inside the collector, which heats up. 2. Heat reflection: A clear glass or plastic casing traps heat that would otherwise radiate out. 3.…
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from article Solar heating and cooling
Direct-gain passive system using large south-facing windows.
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from article Solar heating and cooling
Active system using roof-mounted solar water heater with storage tank in basement.
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from article Solar heating and cooling
Active, closed-loop solar water heater. (Credit: U.S. Department of Energy)
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from article Wulfenite
Wulfenite. (Credit: Matteo Chinellato/Shutterstock)
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from article Aeroelasticity and flutter
Collar's aeroelastic triangle.
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from article Aeroelasticity and flutter
Typical steady deflection of a wing as a result of aerodynamic forces.
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from article Aeroelasticity and flutter
Effect of control-surface deflection on an airfoil. Upward-pointing arrows represent lift.
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from article Aeroelasticity and flutter
Typical frequency and damping trends of a binary aeroelastic system, showing dependence of (a) frequency and (b) damping ratio of the two modes of vibration on airspeed.
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from article Aeroelasticity and flutter
Lift from oscillating heave and pitch airfoils. (a) Heave and pitch motions in phase. (b) Heave and pitch motions 90° out of phase.
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from article Aeroelasticity and flutter
Typical limit cycle oscillations.
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from article Engine cooling
Cooling system of a V-8 automotive spark-ignition engine. The arrows show the direction of coolant flow through the engine water jackets and cooling system. (Ford Motor Co.)
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from article Engine cooling
Airflow around the cylinders and fins of an air-cooled engine. (Onan Corp.)
