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Project

1-Wire Weather Station

The weather station in this project is quite basic, measuring only temperature, pressure, and humidity, but it may be easily expanded to measure other weather components, such as wind speed and rainfall. The design is based on using a series of…

Project

3D Terrain Map

Terrain maps are physical models that give you an at-a-glance overview of landforms. Architects, builders, and engineers often use these types of maps to provide context to proposed building designs. In this project, you'll create a layered…

Project

Wind Lantern

In this project, you will build a small, vertical-axis wind turbine, or VAWT for short. VAWTs are not as efficient as their horizontal-axis cousins, but they are better suited to urban environments where wind can come from different…

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from article Hydrological consequences of global warming

The hydrologic cycle is characterized by evaporation and transpiration from the surfaces; transport of water vapor in the atmosphere by the wind, clouds, and precipitation; and water storage in snow, glaciers, groundwater, and oceans. Units: 1000…

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from article Hydrological consequences of global warming

Spatial patterns of climate model projections of (a) precipitation, (b) soil moisture, (c) runoff, and (d) evaporation for 2090–2099 under the mid-range A1B emission scenario from the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change 2007. (Climate Change…

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from article Biodiversity

Global biodiversity hotspots. There are more than 30 biodiversity hotspots located around the world. These areas have experienced severe habitat losses (at least 70%) as the result of human activities, hampering the work of conservationists in their…

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from article Biodiversity

A regional analysis of 25 oceanic regions shows that 92% of all known biodiversity falls into a dozen groups, of which crustaceans (for example, crabs, shrimps, and lobsters), mollusks (for example, snails, bivalves, squids, and octopus), and fish…

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from article Biodiversity

Ecosystem function (a) as a positive, linear function of biodiversity and (b) as a nonlinear, satiating function of biodiversity.

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from article Micrometeorology

Soundings of temperature versus height for (a) day time and (b) nighttime obtained by radiosonde measurements during the Wangara experiment near Hay, New South Wales, Australia, in 1967. Soundings are shown for 9 A.M. through 9 P.M. on day 33 of the…

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from article Micrometeorology

The 3 P.M. sounding from Fig. 1a showing the layers of the daytime convective boundary layer.

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from article Urodela

A typical member of the order Urodela: the longtail salamander (Eurycea longicauda). (Photo by Ryan Hagerty, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Urodela

World distribution of salamanders (order Urodela), indicated by areas of shaded blue color.

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from article Urodela

California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense). (Photo by John Cleckler, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Urodela

The two-toed amphiuma salamander (Amphiuma means). (Photo courtesy of the Southeast Ecological Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Gainesville, FL)

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from article Urodela

The northern red salamander (Pseudotriton ruber ruber). (Photo by Alicia Lafever, U.S. National Park Service)

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from article Earth's heat flow

Geographic distribution of heat flow measurement sites. (After H. N. Pollack, S. J. Hurter, and J. R. Johnson, Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set, Rev. Geophys., 31(3):267–280, 1993)

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from article Earth's heat flow

Heat flow–versus–age relationships for continents and oceans. (After D. Sprague and H. N. Pollack, Heat flow in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, Nature, 285:393–395, 1980)

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from article Earth's heat flow

Geographic distribution of 17 heat flow provinces where the linear relationship between measured heat flow and radiogenic heat production from near-surface rocks has been empirically determined. (After I. Vitorello and H. N. Pollack, On the…

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from article Earth's heat flow

Present-day global heat flow (degree 12 spherical harmonic representation). Contours are in milliwatts per square meter. (After H. N. Pollack, S. J. Hurter, and J. R. Johnson, Heat flow from the Earth's interior: Analysis of the global data set,…

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from article Environmental management

Environmental management seeks to provide solutions to the practical problems that humans encounter or create, including the production of garbage and waste. (Credit: Walter Zerla/Getty Images)

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from article Environmental management

Without proper environmental management, economic and industrial development often lead to environmental pollution, especially in urban environments. (Credit: Simon Alvinge/123RF)

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from article Chicxulub impact crater

Bouguer gravity anomaly map over the Chicxulub impact crater. The coastline is designated by a thin white line, cenotes (natural pits) and sinkholes are designated by black dots, and the city of Mérida and the town of Chicxulub Puerto are designated…

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from article Chicxulub impact crater

Seismic line imaging of what lies beneath the seafloor, showing the Chicxulub impact crater. The crater includes many faults that can be grouped into an exterior ring fault, a series of outer ring faults, and a series of inner ring faults. Within…

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from article Marine ecology

Marine ecology investigates the basic structural and functional relationships within and among living populations and their physical–chemical environments in marine ecosystems. In this photograph, a cold water reef in California is host to a…

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from article Marine ecology

The snaking waterways of a mangrove estuary in northwestern Madagascar. (Credit: Michael Fay/Getty Images/National Geographic RF)

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from article Marine ecology

Estuary salt marshes in the Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Mississippi. (Credit: P. R. Hoar/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)

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from article Marine ecology

Coral bleaching in the lagoon of Huahine Island, French Polynesia. Coral bleaching is the response of corals to environmental stress in which they eject the single-cell algae that live within the transparent coral tissue, making the white coral…

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from article Graptolithina

Sketches of portions of pterobranch and graptolite colonies showing the dwelling tubes and the constructional units of the graptolite skeleton. (a) Young Rhabdopleura compacta colony with founder zooid and first asexual bud (Recent). Benthic…

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from article Graptolithina

Scanning electron micrograph of a graptolite (Pseudoclimacograptus scharengergi) showing the fuselli (horizontal ridges) that compose graptolite thecae, and the cortical bandages (oblique strips) that were deposited on top of the fuselli (Middle…

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from article Graptolithina

Hypothetical form of zooids that inhabited colony tubes, based on a planktic graptolite. Large zooids are shown with possible oarlike swimming organs used to move the colony through the ocean water and tentacles for feeding. Also shown are two…

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from article Graptolithina

Examples of some planktic graptolites, reconstructed to show three-dimensional form.

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from article Swamp, marsh, and bog

Cross-sectional diagram representing the progressive filling by vegetation of a pit lake in recently glaciated terrain.

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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change

Subarctic tundra and vegetation of the Denali National Park and Preserve in Alaska. As a result of climate change and the resultant poleward and upward shift of plant ranges, plants and their ecosystems may become particularly vulnerable. (Credit:…

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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change

Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) growing in Montana. As a result of warming temperatures, this type of grass could face decreased productivity, allowing forbs to increase and making the ecosystem less tolerant of drought and grazing. (Credit: Matt…

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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change

Modeled distribution of suitable climate space in Europe for stiff sedge (Carex bigelowii), which is an Arctic-Alpine plant: (a) during the period 1961–1990 (green color = suitable climate space during the 1961–1990 period); (b) climate model…

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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change

The endangered western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclara) is declining across much of its range in North America. (Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Geologic time scale

Geologic time scale. CLICK on image to enlarge. (Credit: International Commission on Stratigraphy, 2018)

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from article Geophysical exploration

Bouguer gravity of a portion of the Perth Basin, Western Australia. Contour interval is 1 milliGal; datum is arbitrary. Departures from regularity are called anomalies. The bulge A results from an uplift area, the contour offset along BB′ is an…

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from article Geophysical exploration

Variation of shape measurements across an anomaly. Among the shape factors sometimes measured are A, the distance over which the slope is maximum; B, the distance between points where the slope is half of the maximum slope; C, half the width of the…

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from article Geophysical exploration

Bending of seismic waves at interface; V2 > V1.

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from article Geophysical exploration

Wavefronts become more widely spaced and ray paths become curved as velocity increases with depth.

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from article Geophysical exploration

Measuring reflected seismic wave energy. (a) Dipping reflector. (b) Flat reflector.

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from article Geophysical exploration

Refractive seismic exploration data. (a) Section through model of layered earth. Curves (wavefronts) indicate location of seismic energy at successive times after a shot at A. Beyond B, energy traveling in the second layer arrives first; beyond C,…

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from article Geophysical exploration

Reflection of seismic energy obtained from reflection point R (common midpoint) by positioning a source at A and a detector at A′. The same point is involved with a source at B and a detector at B′, or C and C′. The redundancy in measuring…

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from article Geophysical exploration

Seismic surveying at sea is done by towing a long streamer containing detectors that sense seismic energy. Seismic energy is generated by several air guns that are also towed from the ship.

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from article Geophysical exploration

Seismic record section from the North Sea. The layer from about 2 to 2.3 s at the right edge is composed primarily of salt that has undergone plastic flow. The folding of the rock formations is attributed to this salt movement. The upfolding (an…

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from article Wulfenite

Wulfenite. (a) Thin tabular crystals on limonite, Organ Mountains, New Mexico (American Museum of Natural History specimen). (b) Crystal habits (after C. Klein and C. S. Hurlbut, Jr., Manual of Mineralogy, 21st ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1993).

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from article Palaeonisciformes

Mimia toombsi (Gardiner & Bartram, 1977), Late Devonian, Gogo, Australia. One of the earliest palaeonisciforms, reaching 15 cm (6 in.) long, and known by complete fossils. (Reprinted with permission from B. G. Gardiner, The relationships of the…

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from article Palaeonisciformes

Chirodus granulosus (Young, 1866) was a deep-bodied palaeonisciform that grew to 10 cm (4 in.) and lived in Carboniferous coal swamps of Britain. The teeth formed cutting blades that may have been used to crop vegetation. This reconstruction is…

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from article Continental margin

Continental margin off the northeastern United States.

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