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Volcanic gas sampling. Samples of volcanic gases and rocks may be collected and analyzed for their chemical-element content to better understand changes related to volcanic activity as well as to gain a greater understanding of the carbon and sulfur…

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from article Poppy

Stems, fruits (capsules), and flower of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). By cutting into the fruits soon after the petals have fallen, the opium is obtained. (Photo courtesy of Milan Kořínek)

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from article Lithosphere

Representation of oceanic and continental lithosphere as defined by thermal structure. Also shown are representative crustal and lithospheric thicknesses.

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from article Plant pigment

Photosynthetic spectra of higher plants. (Left) Absorption spectra for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the carotenoids, showing the wavelengths of visible light that support photosynthesis. (Right) Action spectrum for photosynthesis. (Copyright ©…

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from article Plant pigment

Structures of three types of plant pigments: chlorophylls (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a′), carotenoids (β-carotene and lutein), and phycocyanobilin.

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from article Plant pigment

The autumn colors of leaves are produced by carotenoid pigments. During the autumn, leaves stop their production of chlorophyll, providing the opportunity for the orange and yellow carotenoid colors observed in autumn leaves to predominate. In…

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from article Plant pigment

Chemical structure of cyanidin (C15H11O6).

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from article Kenaf

Harvesting of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) in Texas. (Photo by David Nance, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)

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from article Tidalites

North Sea amphidromic tidal system. Corange lines indicate equal tidal range. Cotidal lines show times of high water. Arrows show rotation directions of the tidal waves. (Modified from R. W. Dalrymple, Tidal Depositional Systems, in R. G. Walker and…

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from article Tidalites

Flood–ebb cycle. Idealized (a) semidiurnal tidal cycle and (b) time–current velocity curve. (Modified from S. D. Nio and C. S. Yang, Recognition of tidally influenced facies and environments, Short Course Note Ser. 1, International Geoservices BV,…

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from article Tidalites

Idealized models of origin of neap–spring tidal cycles: (a) Synodic month. (b) A segment of the 1991 predicted high tides from Kwajalein Atoll, Pacific. (c) Tropical month. (d) A segment of the 1994 predicted high tides from Barito River estuary,…

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from article Tidalites

The core shows small-scale tidalites from the Hindostan Whetstone beds, Mansfield Formation, Indiana. The chart shows thicknesses of layers as measured between dark clay-rich bands. The interval shows approximately one synodic month of deposition.

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from article Tidalites

Photographs from Sundance Formation of northern Wyoming. (a) Example of large-scale tidalites. (b) Closeup of inclined light-colored band showing evidence of current reversals.

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from article Abaca

Abaca (Musa textilis) growing in the Philippines. (Photo courtesy of Afren de Guzman, Maitum Information Office, Sarangani, Philippines)

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from article Plant hormone receptors

Auxin signal transduction pathway. Aux/IAAs form dimers with ARFs bound to promoters of auxin-regulated genes, causing transcriptional repression. Repression is released when auxin binds to TIR1, promoting the interaction with Aux/IAAs, which are…

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from article Plant hormone receptors

Gibberellin signal transduction pathway. DELLA proteins repress gibberellin (GA) response in an as yet undefined mechanism. Gibberellin binding to GID1 promotes interaction of GID1 with DELLA proteins. The DELLA proteins are then ubiquitinated by…

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from article Banded iron formation

Folded banded iron formation from the Ord Range, Western Australia. The distance between top and bottom of the polished face of the sample is about 15 cm (6 in.). Chert jasper bands alternate with dark magnetite-rich bands. The thin pale layers of…

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from article Banded iron formation

Banded iron formation in the Hamersley Range of Western Australia.

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from article Tuff

Some common types of tuffs as viewed through the petrographic microscope. The field of view of the images is 2 mm for a–c, 3 mm for d and e. (a) Rhyolitic vitric tuff erupted from Mount Shasta Volcano, California, showing aggregates of glass…

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from article Tuff

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a single ash particle (vitric fragment) from the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington. The tiny voids (vesicles) were created by expanding bubbles of volcanic gas during the rise and…

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from article Air pressure

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from article Sea of Okhotsk

Sea of Okhotsk and adjacent landmasses.

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from article Leaf

Leaf parts in different structural patterns. (a) Complete (stipulate and petiolate). (b) Exstipulate. (c) Sessile. (d) Expanded monocotyledon leaf with sheathing base. (e) Grass leaf. (f) Detail of e.

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from article Leaf

Leaf arrangement. (a) Helical (top view). (b) Helical with elongated internodes (alternate). (c) Opposite (decussate). (d) Whorled (verticillate).

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from article Leaf

Leaf types. (a) Simple. (b) Trifoliate. (c) Palmately compound. (d) Odd-pinnately compound. (e) Even-pinnately compound. (f) Decompound.

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