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from article Anemia
Hemoglobin molecule. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Anemia
Aplastic anemia. This low-power photomicrograph of the bone marrow exhibits only a small amount of hematopoiesis (the process by which the cellular elements of the blood are formed). (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia. Most red cells in this photomicrograph exhibit central pallor (arrow). Also present is a characteristic pencil-shaped cell (arrowhead). (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Life forms of plants
Life forms of plants according to C. Raunkiaer. (After P. Dansereau, Biogeography: An Ecological Perspective, Ronald Press, 1957)
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from article Life forms of plants
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from article Echolocation
Echolocation is a physiological tool used by gray bats (Myotis grisescens). (Credit: Amareta Kelly)
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from article Echolocation
Sound spectrograms representing sonar signals of (a) Brazilian or Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis), (b) big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), (c) Wagner's mustached bats (Pteronotus personatus), and (d) greater horseshoe bats…
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from article Precipitation (chemistry)
Precipitation of calcium fluoride. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education/Stephen Frisch)
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from article Deforestation
View of an area of deforestation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. In this case, the land is being cleared to develop areas for intensive rice production. (Credit: Australian National University)
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from article Deforestation
The relationship between forest and nonforest (other) land. Preservation of forest lands includes reforestation and natural regeneration. However, deforestation and natural events can lead to nonforest land. Afforestation (the act or process of…
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from article Deforestation
Natural forest areas (in hectares; 1 hectare = 2.47 acres) in various climatic domains (boreal/polar, temperate, subtropical, and tropical) from 1990 to 2015. The data are derived from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 by the Food and…
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from article Deforestation
Former rainforest in northern Queensland, Australia, that was deforested in the early 1900s and is now used for pasture. (Credit: Rodney Keenan)
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from article Deforestation
Aerial view of deforestation in the Amazon region of Brazil. Clearing of trees in the Amazon rainforest has resulted in the elimination of natural resources and numerous species. (Credit: Luoman/Getty Images)
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from article Polystyrene
Polystyrene foam. (Credit: Raywoo/123RF)
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from article Vacuum fusion
Vacuum-fusion methods of analysis.
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from article Soil chemistry
Proper soil chemistry helps a green seedling to sprout out from the soil. Soil chemistry controls the availability of plant nutrients within the soil and thus influences plant growth. (Credit: amenic181/Shutterstock)
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from article Soil chemistry
Extensive chemical weathering can remove essential minerals and elements from soil. Typically, only the most insoluble compounds remain in the soil. For example, iron oxides may persist, imparting a reddish-brown color to the soil. (Credit: Stephen…
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from article Soil chemistry
Factors influencing the chemistry of a soil solution. (Credit: Based on an original illustration created by J. F. Hodson)
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from article Supercritical-fluid chromatography
Block diagram of supercritical-fluid chromatograph. With some detectors (for example, flame ionization), the pressure/flow restrictor is mounted in the detector.
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from article Supercritical-fluid chromatography
High-resolution separation of the oligomers of a methyl silicone by pressure-programmed supercritical-fluid chromatography; each peak in the chromatogram is due to an oligomer with one more Si(CH3)2O group than the previous peak. Pressure is held at…
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from article Thrombosis
Organized thrombus in an artery with recanalization.
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from article Thrombosis
Organized thrombus in an artery with scar formation; the artery is completely occluded by the fibrotic mass.
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from article Ferret
An endangered black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes). (Photo copyright © Joseph Dougherty)
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from article Calcium
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from article Calcium
Calcium carbonate towers, called tufa, in the saline waters of Mono Lake, California, United States. (Credit: Steve Heap/Shutterstock)
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from article Sexually transmitted diseases
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this image, a human T cell (blue) is under attack by HIV (yellow), hampering the effectiveness of the body's immune…
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from article Sexually transmitted diseases
Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (the most-common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen) among individuals aged 14 to 39. The prevalence varies by sex, race/ethnicity, and age. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. (Credit: U.S. Centers…
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from article Sexually transmitted diseases
Age-related incidence of hospitalized cases of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (salpingitis) in sexually experienced females in the United States. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Californium
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from article Tetanus
Photomicrograph showing endospores forming at the ends of Clostridium tetani bacterial cells, which are shaped like small tennis rackets. Clostridium tetani is the causative agent of tetanus. (Credit: Lisa Burgess; copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Syphilis
Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum, which is a corkscrew-shaped motile bacterium (spirochete). (Credit: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health)
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from article Quantum chemistry
Methylenecyclopropane structure.
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from article Quantum chemistry
Comparison of self-consistent-field transition states for the HONC → HOCN reaction using four different basis sets.
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from article Quantum chemistry
Example of a sizable molecule for which complete DFT geometrical optimization with a substantial basis set became routine in 1998.
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from article Rabies
Negri bodies (cytoplasmic inclusion bodies) in infected nerve cells in a dog brain are characteristic cellular changes that occur as a result of rabies encephalitis. (Credit: G. Heid/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article Rabies
Schematic model of a rabies virus showing the surface glycoprotein spikes (projections) extending from the lipid envelope that surrounds the internal nucleocapsid and the matrix protein lining the envelope. The nucleocapsid comprises the single RNA…
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from article Berkelium
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from article Echocardiography
Two-dimensional echocardiogram from a position near the apex of the ventricles. The left ventricle is on the right, separated from the left atrium below by the mitral valve. The right ventricle is on the left and the right atrium is below it with…
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from article Microbiology
Two important types of microbes are bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis; left) and fungi (Histoplasma capsulatum; right). [Credit: Janice Haney Carr/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (left); Libero Ajello/Centers for Disease Control and…
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from article Microbiology
Viruses (Herpes simplex; left) and protozoa (Oxytricha trifallax; right) are microorganisms studied by microbiologists. [Credit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (left); National Human Genome Research Institute (right)]
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from article X-ray fluorescence analysis
Scheme of a crystal spectrometer for x-ray fluorescence. Photons from an x-ray tube excite the sample elements at top left. A parallel beam of fluorescent radiation is filtered out by a collimator and hits a single crystal under angle Θ. Only…
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from article X-ray fluorescence analysis
Atomic shell of iron (Z = 26). Left: initial ionization of the L3-shell, followed by an L3←M5 transition. Right: initial vacancy in the K-shell, followed by a K←L3 transition. The new (secondary) vacancy in L3 is filled by L3←M5. This scheme repeats…
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from article X-ray fluorescence analysis
Measured relative intensities (blue dots, not linear due to interelement effects) and "corrected" values (orange, linear relationship) for Cr-Ni-Fe alloys. Examples of corrections are shown by arrows. (Credit: Michael Mantler, based on data from S.…
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from article Bean
Pods of soybean plants (Glycine max). (Credit: Howard F. Schwartz/Colorado State University)
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from article Bean
Red dry bean pods (Phaseolus vulgaris). (Credit: Howard F. Schwartz/Colorado State University)
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from article Bean
Different stages of maturity of the seeds of light red kidney beans in opened pods. (Credit: Howard F. Schwartz/Colorado State University)
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from article Bean
Symptoms of Pythium disease on Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) plants. (Credit: University of Georgia Plant Pathology Archive)
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from article Bean
Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, on bean pods. (Credit: U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Series, Clemson University)
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from article Cerium
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from article Chelation
Formulas of hydrated cadmium(II) ion, two cadmium(II) complexes, and two cadmium(II) chelates.
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from article Chelation
Heme, a tetradentate chelate of iron(II).
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from article Chelation
Structural formula of anion of EDTA, a sexadentate ligand.
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from article Chelation
Structural formula of NTA anion, a quadridentate ligand.
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from article Chelation
Structural formula of anion of HBED, a sexadentate ligand.
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from article Chelation
“Tetraphos,” a quadridentate ligand.
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from article Chelation
Chelating ligands indicating the types of donor groups available for coordination.
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from article Chelation
Compounds forming intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
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from article Chelation
Structure of a chelated copper compound.
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from article Chelation
Metal chelates containing four-, five-, and six-membered rings.
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from article Chelation
Optical isomers of chelate complexes.
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from article Chelation
Formula for an optically inactive nonchelate.
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from article Vegetation and ecosystem mapping
Terrestrial major habitat types.
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from article Taiga
Siberian mountain taiga. (Credit: M. Valerii/Shutterstock)
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from article Taiga
Schematic profile of the three main subzones of the North American taiga, showing the main forest assemblages on three of the more important landform types: (a) northern taiga; (b) middle taiga; (c) southern taiga. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Osmosis
Osmosis process. (Credit: McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Osmosis
Concept of osmotic pressure. (Credit: McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Zika virus disease
A female Aedes aegypti mosquito acquiring a blood meal on a human. This type of mosquito is the primary vector responsible for the transmission of the Zika virus. (Credit: James Gathany/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article Zika virus disease
Babies born with microcephaly have smaller head sizes than normal. There is an association between babies born with neurological complications, such as congenital microcephaly, and Zika virus infection. (Credit: Centers for Disease Control and…
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from article Zika virus disease
Countries and territories that have been affected by Zika virus transmission (as of mid-2019). Color key: dark purple, country or territory that has reported locally acquired, mosquito-borne Zika cases (past or current); light purple, area with low…
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from article Folic acid
Chemical structure of folic acid (C19H19N7O6). (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Digenea
Diagrams of various adult types of digenean trematodes. (After R. M. Cable, An Illustrated Laboratory Manual of Parasitology, Burgess, Minneapolis, 1940)
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from article Digenea
Digenean trematode life cycle. (After R. M. Cable, An Illustrated Laboratory Manual of Parasitology, Burgess, Minneapolis, 1940)
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from article Electrolysis
Electrolysis cell in which the electrolyte is a solution of sodium chloride.
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from article Ultracentrifuge
Diagram of an electrically driven analytical ultracentrifuge. (Beckman Instruments)
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from article Ultracentrifuge
Analytical rotor. (Beckman Instruments)
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from article Ultracentrifuge
Fixed-angle preparative rotor and tubes. (Beckman Instruments)
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from article Biofilm
Biofilms are highly structured communities of microorganisms that are surface-associated or attached to one another, and are enclosed within a self-produced protective extracellular matrix. Biofilm formation and actions involve a number of stages:…
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from article Animal testing
Mice are the most commonly used vertebrate species in animal testing and research. (Credit: Dolores Bonaparte)
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from article Animal testing
The use of animals in biomedical research remains essential, but the handling of these sentient beings must be done humanely to minimize and prevent animal harm. (Credit: U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Anthrax
A color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph showing splenic tissue from a monkey with inhalation anthrax. Rod-shaped bacilli of Bacillus anthracis (yellow) and an erythrocyte (red) are shown. (Credit: Arthur Friedlander/National Institute of…
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from article Anthrax
Micrograph (stained with hematoxylin and eosin) showing submucosal hemorrhage in the small intestine of a person fatally affected by gastrointestinal anthrax. (Credit: Marshal Fox/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article Triple point
Phase diagram for water, showing gas, liquid, and several solid (ice) phases; triple points at A, B, and C. The pressure scale changes at 101 kilopascals from logarithmic scale at low pressure to linear at high pressure.
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from article Ecosystem
Levels of organization in ecosystems, which involve both biotic (living) components and abiotic (nonliving, physical) components. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Ecosystem
General model of energy flow through ecosystems. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Ecosystem
Food chains are limited by energy transfer. In this illustration, energy is transferred from the Sun to a plant (producer) to a primary consumer and to a secondary consumer. Energy is used by the producer and consumer organisms and is lost to the…
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from article Ecosystem
General model of the nitrogen cycle in ecosystems. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Ecosystem
General model of the carbon cycle in ecosystems: (A) carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air; (B) carbon from decomposition; (C) carbon from fossil fuels; (D) natural events (for example, forest fires and volcanoes) release CO2 into the air. (Copyright ©…
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from article Macrocyclic compound
Macrocyclic structures. (a) Two crown ethers. (b) A basic structure for three cryptands. (c) A lariat ether. (d) All-aliphatic spherand. (e) All-aromatic spherand.
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from article Macrocyclic compound
Macrocycles with various structural features. (a) Bicyclic cryptand (ditopic receptor). (b) Calix[6]arene; R represents a functional group. (c) Cavitand. (d) Carcerand. (e) Cyclophanes.
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from article Macrocyclic compound
Tetramers. (a) Resorcinarene having the rctt conformation. (b) Pyrogallolarene having the rccc conformation.
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from article Macrocyclic compound
The metal cation is the guest and the organic structure is the host in (a) 18-crown-6 complex of potassium cation (K+) and (b) sodium (Na+) complexed by a calix[4]arene.
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from article Macrocyclic compound
Complexing species. (a) Dibinaphtho-22-crown-6. (b) R,R-dibinaphtho-22-crown-6 complex of phenethylammonium chloride.
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from article Macrocyclic compound
Affinities for anions and cations shown for (a) pyrrole and (b) furan-derived cyclic tetramers.
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from article Macrocyclic compound
Amphiphiles. (a) Crown ether-steroid amphiphile. (b) Crown ether bolaamphiphile.
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from article Meningococcus
A photomicrograph reveals the presence of the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which can be pathogenic, leading to meningococcal meningitis. (Credit: James Volk/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article Biodiversity
Global biodiversity hotspots. There are more than 30 biodiversity hotspots located around the world. These areas have experienced severe habitat losses (at least 70%) as the result of human activities, hampering the work of conservationists in their…
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from article Biodiversity
A regional analysis of 25 oceanic regions shows that 92% of all known biodiversity falls into a dozen groups, of which crustaceans (for example, crabs, shrimps, and lobsters), mollusks (for example, snails, bivalves, squids, and octopus), and fish…
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from article Biodiversity
Ecosystem function (a) as a positive, linear function of biodiversity and (b) as a nonlinear, satiating function of biodiversity.
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from article Marcus equation
Free-energy plot for an electron-transfer reaction with zero standard free-energy change (an electron self-exchange reaction).
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from article Marcus equation
Free-energy plot for an electron-transfer reaction when the free-energy change (|Δ G °|) is less than the reorganization parameter (λ).
