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A useful carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction in which aldehyde and alcohol functional groups are observed during the reaction. The aldol reaction was first reported by Aleksandr Porfiryevich Borodin, who observed the reaction using pentanal and…

An ongoing current event in which a large number of living species are threatened with extinction or are going extinct because of environmentally destructive human activities. The Earth is presently in the midst of a mass extinction event. In the…

A chemical reaction or series of reactions leading to the predominant or exclusive formation of a single enantiomer, that is, one of an isomeric pair of chemical compounds whose molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images. Enantiomers are said to…

Bats are members of the order Chiroptera, which is the second-largest order of living mammals. The geographic distribution of these flying mammals is tremendous as well, ranging from the limit of trees in the Northern Hemisphere to the southern tips…

Any of several leguminous plants, or their seeds, long utilized as food by humans or livestock. There are more than 40,000 varieties of beans, with only a small number of these being mass-produced for human or animal consumption. In particular,…

The number of different plant and animal species living in a defined ecosystem or study area; a contraction of biological diversity. Biodiversity includes genetic diversity (variability in the genetic makeup among individuals in a single species),…

An integrated device consisting of a biological recognition element and a transducer capable of detecting the biological reaction and converting it into a signal that can be processed. Ideally, the sensor should be self-contained, so that it is not…

A nutrient-poor, acid peatland. A bog is a type of peatland, which is a terrestrial wetland ecosystem. Bogs (Fig. 1) are nutrient-poor and acidic, and they contain vegetation in which peat mosses (Sphagnum species) and ericaceous dwarf shrubs play a…