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from article Fruit, tree
Apple trees growing in an orchard. (Photo by Charles Rondeau)
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from article Fruit, tree
Apple scab on fruit. This disease, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, leads to unsightly blemishes on ripe apples. (Photo courtesy of the University of Georgia Plant Pathology Archive)
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from article Fruit, tree
Brown rot, caused by the fungus Monilinia fructicola, on a peach. (Photo by Jonas Janner Hamann, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil)
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from article Fruit, tree
Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, on apple fruits and leaves. (Photo courtesy of the University of Georgia Plant Pathology Archive)
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from article Fruit, tree
Blue mold (Penicillium italicum) on a rotting orange. (Photo by G. L. Barron)
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from article Funariales
Funariales sporophytes. (a) Funaria hygrometrica, entire plant (after H. S. Conard, How To Know the Mosses, Jaques, 1944); (b) deoperculate capsule; (c) capsule tip enlarged. (d) Physcomitrium turbinatum (P. pyriform), entire plant; (e) capsule…
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from article Lignin-degrading fungi
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from article Lignin-degrading fungi
Close-up view of Pleurotus spp. fruiting bodies growing naturally on a dead tree log. The common name of oyster mushroom comes from the shell-like appearance of the fruiting body. Note the characteristic eccentric caps.
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from article Cryptochrome
Role of cryptochromes (CRY) in the sunlight-induced regulation of stem elongation and flowering time in plants. Via signal transduction through cryptochromes, sunlight directly stimulates both gene transcription in the nucleus and protein…
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from article Cryptochrome
Functions of cryptochromes in the mammalian circadian clock. Cryptochromes (CRY) and melanopsins (MOP) can mediate light signals for the photo-entrainment of the circadian clock. In addition, CRY acts as a component of the negative-feedback loop…
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from article Cryptochrome
Basic structure of cryptochromes, emphasizing the lack of a C-terminal extension in photolyase and the different sizes of C-terminal extensions in cryptochromes from various species. PHR indicates photolyase or photolyase-related regions. MTHF…
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from article Grimmiales
Grimmia apocarpa; grows generally on rock. (a) Leaf. (b) Portion of base of leaf. (c) Apex of leaf. (d) Urn and peristome. (e) Capsule. (After W. H. Welch, Mosses of Indiana, Indiana Department of Conservation, 1957)
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from article Corallinales
Articulated coralline red algae (genus Calliarthron, order Corallinales) found off the California coast in the Pacific Ocean. (Photo by Steve Lonhart, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
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from article Physical science
An astronaut conducts a physical science experiment aboard the International Space Station involving buoyancy-driven convection and sedimentation, which as force-dependent phenomena occur differently in a microgravity environment. (Credit: NASA)
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from article Model theory
Conceptual model of a system.
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from article Model theory
Model of a regional population system.
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from article Laminariales
Laminaria: (a) sporophyte; (b) cross section of blade, showing a sorus of unilocular sporangia interspersed with sterile hairs (paraphyses); (c) zoospore; (d) male gametophyte with antheridia; (e) antherozoid (sperm); (f) female gametophyte with…
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from article Laminariales
Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) can grow up to 0.6 m (2 ft) per day. Note the series of frond blades, with each subtended by a bladder. (Photo courtesy of Charlotte Stevenson, University of Southern California Sea Grant, Los Angeles)
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from article Pottiales
Tortula ruralis. (a) Entire plant. (b) Leaf. (c) Urn with calyptra. (d) Peristome. (After W. H. Welch, Mosses of Indiana, Indiana Department of Conservation, 1957)
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from article Parenchyma
Schematic representation of a group of cells from parenchyma of Asparagus root, illustrating regular arrangement of cells in a compact tissue.
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from article Parenchyma
Transverse section of a leaf of Tolmiea menziesii, showing mesophyll or chlorenchyma with prominent intercellular spaces. (Photograph by R. B. Wylie)
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from article Parenchyma
Section of Olearia rami leaf cut parallel to surface, showing mesophyll or chlorenchyma with prominent intercellular spaces. (Photograph by R. B. Wylie)
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from article Bluegrass
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). (Photo courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Phytoalexins
Plants (left) respond to pathogenic attacks (such as caused by fungi; right) by producing phytoalexins. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Phytoalexins
Structures of various phytoalexins: ipomeamarone, glyceollin I, momilactone A, gossypol, and capsidiol. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Polygonales
Coastal jointweed (Polygonella articulata), a characteristic member of the former order Polygonales, now reassigned to the order Caryophyllales. (Photo by Rob Routledge)
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from article Sandalwood
Coast sandalwood (Santalum ellipticum) of Hawaii. (Photo courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Bluestem grass
Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii). (Photo by Lynn Betts, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Bluestem grass
Seed heads of little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). (Photo by Lynn Betts, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Theales
Flower of a Franklin tree (Franklinia alatamaha), which is a characteristic member of the family Theaceae in the order Theales, named in honor of Benjamin Franklin. Although the tree (a rare native plant of the southeastern United States) has not…
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from article Sassafras
Leaves of a sassafras seedling (Sassafras albidum), Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. (Photo courtesy of J. M. Reuter, National Park Service)
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from article Forensic botany
Surface of a green bean pod, showing its spines using (a) light microscope (courtesy of David O. Norris) and (b) scanning electron microscope (courtesy of Meredith Lane).
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from article Lichens
The ascolichen Teloschistes chrysophthalmus. (Credit: Jason Hollinger)
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from article Lichens
Cuplike lichens of the genus Cladonia. (Credit: Jacinta Lluch Valero)
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from article Ebony
Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana). (Photograph by Dot Paul, National Resources Conservation Service, USDA)
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from article Wheat
A sheaf of wheat (Triticum) surrounded by some small piles of seed (grain). (Credit: Scott Bauer/Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Wheat
A combined harvester-thresher is used to harvest wheat. (Credit: Scott Bauer/Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Wheat
Adaptation regions for wheat in the United States. (Credit: U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Wheat
Wheat (Triticum) growing in a field. The wheat inflorescence is a spike bearing sessile spikelets arranged alternately on a zigzag rachis (main axis). (Credit: Tim McCabe/Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Wheat
Black stem rust of wheat, which produces urediniospores in reddish-brown pustules. The fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is responsible for this plant disease. The inset shows a close-up view of an infected stem. (Credit: Agricultural Research…
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from article Wheat
Loose smut of wheat, caused by Ustilago tritici. (Credit: Erik Stromberg/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)
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from article Apical dominance
Model of strigolactone production. Auxin promotes genes (listed below the arrow) required for strigolactone biosynthesis. This can occur in roots and shoots. Strigolactones move into the bud region and are perceived by the F-box response protein,…
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from article Apical dominance
Simplified view of the interaction of three branching hormones. Auxin promotes production of strigolactones (SL), whereas limiting that of cytokinins (CK) at bud nodes. This blocks bud outgrowth in intact plants (left). After decapitation, supply of…
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from article Plant phylogeny
A phylogeny of the major groups of plants, showing the history of diversification from a common ancestor (left). The origin of plants in an endosymbiotic event is not depicted, nor are later secondary endosymbiotic events. Major groups are enclosed…
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from article Plant phylogeny
Primary and secondary endosymbiotic events in the history of plants. Plants originated in a primary endosymbiotic event, when a prokaryotic photosynthetic cyanobacterial cell was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell and maintained as a plastid. This line…
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from article Plant phylogeny
The life cycle of a fern, involving the alternation of sporophyte and gametophyte generations. Reproduction by sporophytes yields gametophytes, and reproduction by gametophytes yields sporophytes. A complete life cycle begins with either a…
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from article Tupelo
Leaves of black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica). (Photograph courtesy of Larry Allain, USGS National Wetlands Research Center)
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from article Kentucky coffee tree
Seeds of the Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica). (Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, ARS Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, USDA–NRCS PLANTS Database)
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from article Kentucky coffee tree
Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica). (a) Parts of branch showing leaf scars and winter buds. (b) Branch.
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from article Lepidodendrales
Reconstructions of tree-sized Carboniferous rhizomorphic tree-lycopsids, illustrating architectural variation. (After R. M. Bateman et al., Experimental cladistic analysis of anatomically preserved arborescent lycopsids from the Carboniferous of…
