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from article Circadian clock (plants)
Three-module circadian clock system.
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from article Circadian clock (plants)
Model of the Arabidopsis circadian clock, showing light input (bold arrow), the central oscillator (large box), and output/response (tinted arrows). Light signals synchronize the clock via the cryptochromes (cry) and phytochromes (phy). These are…
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from article Anthrax
A color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph showing splenic tissue from a monkey with inhalation anthrax. Rod-shaped bacilli of Bacillus anthracis (yellow) and an erythrocyte (red) are shown. (Credit: Arthur Friedlander/National Institute of…
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from article Anthrax
Micrograph (stained with hematoxylin and eosin) showing submucosal hemorrhage in the small intestine of a person fatally affected by gastrointestinal anthrax. (Credit: Marshal Fox/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article Triple point
Phase diagram for water, showing gas, liquid, and several solid (ice) phases; triple points at A, B, and C. The pressure scale changes at 101 kilopascals from logarithmic scale at low pressure to linear at high pressure.
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Ablative indirect drive and ablative direct drive. (a) In laser-illuminated, ablative indirect drive, the ICF target consists of a cylindrical hohlraum (hollow room) in which laser light is injected through the two holes in the end caps and heats…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
X-ray images with a framing camera (developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) from a directly driven inertial confinement fusion capsule at the University of Rochester's Omega Facility. The camera has 80-ps exposure time and 55-ps time…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Deuterium–tritium fuel ion temperature and density at ignition, plotted against normalized radius, for a typical high-gain capsule.
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Its driver is the world's largest laser. The 1.8 MJ of ultraviolet light (351-nm wavelength from frequency-tripled neodymium:glass laser light) is generated with…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Progress toward ignition on NIF is illustrated by the plot of no-burn D–T equivalent yield in number of neutrons versus the value of ρr inferred from the energy lost by fusion neutrons during passage out of the compressed fuel. These experiments…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
View of the combined Z Machine and Z-Beamlet laser facility (lower left) with exploded view of the cross section of the Z Machine (upper left). Both will be used to drive the MagLIF capsule (right) at Sandia National Laboratories. The 10-kJ…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Computed capsule gains (energy yield divided by absorbed energy) from 1D simulations of the principal (radial) dynamics for ablative direct drive of a perfect capsule, which is irradiated by either 248-nm laser light or 351-nm laser light with…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Electra, an ∼500 J/pulse, electron-beam pumped KrF laser at the Naval Research Laboratory. It has achieved 90,000 shots in a continuous run and 330,000 shots in 8 days at 2.5–5 Hz.
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Conceptual design of the X-target. (Credit: Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory)
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from article Renner-Teller effect
Bending potential function V for a degenerate electronic state of a linear molecule as a function of displacement r, and for three values (0, 0.5, 1.0) of the Renner parameter ε. In the absence of Renner-Teller splitting (ε = 0) there is a single…
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from article Capacitance
Parallel-plate capacitor P1, P2 with guard ring GG. Spacing between guard ring and plate is exaggerated. (a) Cross section with all parts of capacitor at ground potential. (b) Top view showing plate P1 surrounded by guard ring. (c) Cross section of…
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from article Capacitance
Variable air capacitor.
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from article Capacitance
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from article Capacitance
Wound-roll construction of plastic film and paper capacitors.
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from article Capacitance
Ceramic capacitor constructed in chip form, showing cutaway of finished chip.
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from article Capacitance
Tantalum electrolytic capacitor showing cross section. (General Electric Co.)
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from article Capacitance
Construction and polarity markings of aluminum electrolytic capacitor. (a) Cross section. (b Polarization markings for tabular capacitor with axial leads. (c) Polarization markings for capacitor with radial leads. (After A. Mottershead, Electricity…
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from article Capacitance
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from article Gibberellins
ent-Gibberellane carbon skeleton showing the carbon numbering system and ring designations.
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from article Gibberellins
The GA-biosynthetic pathway in higher plants via 2-methylerythritol-4-phosphate (MEP). The biologically active end products of the pathway are GA1, GA3, and GA4. The general diterpene precursor trans-geranylgeranyldiphosphate (GGPP) is formed in…
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from article Gibberellins
Mechanisms for GA inactivation. C19-GAs and C20-GAs may be oxidized on C-2 by different classes of GA 2-oxidases (GA2ox). In rice, the enzyme ELONGATED UPPER INTERNODE (EUI) oxidizes the 16,17-double bond of non–13-hydroxylated GAs, such as GA4, to…
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from article Gibberellins
DELLA protein showing conserved domains, and a model for DELLA degradation via the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase, which consists of a DELLA-specific F-box, Skp1, Cullin1 (CUL), and Rbx1 subunits. Binding of the GID1-GA complex to DELLAs promotes…
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from article Gibberellins
Model for GA-induced production of α-amylase in the aleurone of germinating cereal grains. GAs produced in the scutellum diffuse to the aleurone cells, where they stimulate transcription, processing, and secretion of α-amylase and other hydrolytic…
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from article Curie temperature
Variation of spontaneous magnetization of a ferromagnetic material with temperature.
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from article Curie temperature
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from article Thirst and sodium appetite
Regulation of cellular water. ADH = antidiuretic hormone.
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from article Thirst and sodium appetite
Hypovolemic thirst and sodium appetite are caused by altered sensory information from an underfilled circulation, reinforced by increases in circulating angiotensin II and mineralocorticoids. Angiotensin peptides generated from components of a…
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from article Reactance
Circuit with a resistor and capacitor in parallel.
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from article Chlorophyceae
Chlorococcales. (a) Chlorococcum (Chlorococcaceae), vegetative cell; (b) cell with zoospores; (c) zoospores; (d) Hydrodictyon (Hydrodictyaceae), portion of coenobium; (e) portion enlarged; (f) Dictyosphaerium (Dictyosphaeriaceae), colony in…
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from article Chlorophyceae
Filamentous green algae with chlorophycean ultrastructure. (a) Microspora (Microsporales), showing H-shaped wall segments; (b) Sphaeroplea (Sphaeropleales); (c) Chaetophora (Chaetophorales), heterotrichous thallus (erect and prostrate systems).
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from article Chlorophyceae
Ulothrix (Ulotrichales).
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from article Bioassay
In conducting bioassays, researchers often employ laboratory culture tests, which use, for example, bacteria cultured in a petri dish (usually to model an effect on the organism of interest or on some basic cellular function). (Credit:…
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from article Open channel
Types of open-channel flow. The inverted triangles denote the free surface of the flow. (a) Unsteady flow. (b) Steady, uniform flow. (c) Steady, gradually varied flow (GVF) and steady, rapidly varied flow (RVF). (After T. W. Sturm, Open Channel…
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from article Osage orange
Fruit and foliage of osage orange (Maclura pomifera). (Photo copyright © Karren Wcisel)
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from article Bryopsidales
Anatomical structures of selected members of Bryopsidales. (a) Dichotomosiphon, filament with oogonia and antheridia. (b) Ostreobium, filaments. (c) Caulerpa, section of filament showing trabeculae. (d) Codium, group of utricles with gametangia and…
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from article Bryopsidales
Representative members of Bryopsidales. (a) Bryopsis; (b) Caulerpa; (c) Penicillus; (d) Halimeda; (e) Codium.
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from article Integrated optics
Optical waveguide. (a) Optical intensity of the fundamental guided mode. (b) Ray picture of the guided mode.
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from article Integrated optics
Two-dimensional transverse waveguiding. (a) Rib waveguide. (b) Diffused channel guide.
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from article Integrated optics
Prism input coupling and grating output coupling. With the ray directions reversed, the grating acts as an input coupler and the prism as an output coupler.
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from article Integrated optics
A “4 by 4” directional coupler switch.
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from article Integrated optics
Top view of an integrated optics spectrum analyzer.
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from article Integrated optics
A wavelength-division-multiplexed transmitter chip. DFB indicates distributed feedback.
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from article Muffler
Mufflers. (a) Reactive muffler for automobile exhaust system. (b) Dissipative muffler for industrial application.
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from article Muffler
Simple muffler elements, and their representative transmission losses. (a) Helmholtz resonator. (b) Side-branch resonator. (c) Expansion chamber. (d) Expansion chamber with dissipative material.
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from article Aharonov-Bohm effect
Aharonov and Bohm's proposed experiments to demonstrate the effects of electromagnetic potentials in electron interference phenomena. (a) Experiment to verify the effect of a vector potential. (b) Experiment to demonstrate the effect of a scalar…
