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Project

1-Wire Weather Station

The weather station in this project is quite basic, measuring only temperature, pressure, and humidity, but it may be easily expanded to measure other weather components, such as wind speed and rainfall. The design is based on using a series of…

Project

3D Terrain Map

Terrain maps are physical models that give you an at-a-glance overview of landforms. Architects, builders, and engineers often use these types of maps to provide context to proposed building designs. In this project, you'll create a layered…

Project

3x3x3 LED Cube

LEDs (light-emitting diodes) are rectifying semiconductor devices that convert electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. You can use these devices to create a 3-dimensional light display. LED cubes require some care and good soldering skills…

Project

Chatbot, an Artificially Intelligent Microcontroller

The term "Chatbot" is used for a computer or computer program that is made to emulate some form of human intelligence through conversation. In this project, you will learn how easy it is to make a specific microcontroller—an Arduino™ Uno—seem as…

Project

Text-Controlled RGB LED

A red, green, and blue (RGB) light-emitting diode (LED) is a useful electronic component that can produce visible light in a variety of colors. This is done by varying the intensity of the light output of the three different color LED elements (red,…

Project

Wind Lantern

In this project, you will build a small, vertical-axis wind turbine, or VAWT for short. VAWTs are not as efficient as their horizontal-axis cousins, but they are better suited to urban environments where wind can come from different…

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from article Information processing (psychology)

The four major lobes of the cerebral cortex, that is, the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, are responsible for different aspects of information processing. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Information processing (psychology)

Horizontal associative memory with a serious associative interference problem (who plays tennis—John, Peter, or both?) and no encoding of where each proposition begins and ends. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Information processing (psychology)

Vertical associative memory where concepts are grouped into phrases and propositions by associating each concept to a higher-order node that represents the entire group. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Eclipse

The August 21, 2017 total solar eclipse, as seen from Hopkinsville, Kentucky, USA at 2:25 p.m. EDT. (Credit: NASA)

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from article Eclipse

Circumstances of solar and lunar eclipses (not to scale).

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from article Eclipse

Diamond-ring effect at the beginning of totality during the solar eclipse of July 11, 2010, observed from Easter Island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. (Credit: Jay M. Pasachoff/Science Faction, Muzhou Lu, and Craig Malamut, Williams College…

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from article Eclipse

Total solar eclipse of July 11, 2010, observed from Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean. (a) Image composited from several exposures using radial filters in order to show a wide dynamic range of intensity of the corona and to bring out the structures…

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from article Eclipse

Solar eclipse of April 8, 2005, observed during totality from a ship in the mid-Pacific Ocean, west of the Galápagos Islands. (Credit: Jay M. Pasachoff and Dava Sobel/Science Faction)

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from article Eclipse

Paths of all total solar eclipses from 2001 through 2025. The point of greatest eclipse is indicated by an asterisk on each eclipse path. (Credit: Eclipse map by Michael Zeiler, www.eclipse-maps.com. Eclipse paths by Xavier Jubier, xjubier.free.fr.)

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from article Eclipse

Cross section through the Earth's shadow cone (umbra) at the Moon's distance, showing the motion of the Moon at three types of lunar eclipses: penumbral eclipse, partial umbral eclipse, and total umbral eclipse.

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from article Eclipse

Stages of the total lunar eclipse of December 21, 2010. (Credit: Glenn Schneider)

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from article Eclipse

Total lunar eclipse of December 9, 1992, which was so dark that it rendered the Moon nearly invisible during totality. (Credit: F. Espenak)

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from article Clathrate compounds

Schematic drawing of the lattices of (a, c) urea and (b, d) thiourea; c and d show accommodation of unbranched and branched paraffin chains, respectively.

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from article Clathrate compounds

Molecular model of α-dextrin–iodine compound seen in the direction of the c axis, that is, in the direction of the iodine chains, which lie in channels.

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from article Planet

An artist’s impression of a mere sampling of the planetary diversity expected to exist in nature. [Credit: C. Pulliam & D. Aguilar (CfA)]

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from article Planet

Plan of the solar system's major and dwarf planets. (a) Solar system out to Neptune. (b) Dwarf planets in the outer solar system (Credit: Emily L. Schaller)

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from article Planet

Orbital elements, which determine the position of a planet in its orbit and the orientation of the orbit in space. Symbols explained in text.

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from article Planet

The interiors of the 8 planets and the dwarf planet Pluto. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are characterized by dense, metallic cores and lower-density mantles and crusts. Jupiter and Saturn have compositions that mimic the Sun's, though…

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from article Planet

Complex lunar crater Bullialdus, 60 km (37 mi) in diameter, shows terraced sides, a central peak, and a flat bottom. It may be compared to the small (less than 8 km or 5 mi) crater in the foreground, which is simple and bowl-shaped. (Credit: NASA)

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from article Planet

Ultraviolet images from the Hubble Space Telescope, which reveal auroral emission surrounding the north magnetic pole of Jupiter. [Credit: NASA, ESA, and J. Nichols (University of Leicester)]

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from article Neandertals

Neandertal cranium excavated from Forbes' Quarry, Gibraltar. Note the pronounced brow ridges, large braincase, and receding forehead. (Credit: Clive Finlayson/Gibraltar Museum)

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from article Neandertals

Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, is the last known site of Neandertal occupation, being dated possibly to 30,000 years ago. (Credit: Clive Finlayson/Gibraltar Museum)

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from article Neandertals

Reconstructed skull of a Neandertal from the cave at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France. (Credit: Illustration adapted from an original drawing by M. F. Ashley Montagu)

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from article Colemanite

Fundamental building block in the crystal structure of colemanite.

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from article Colemanite

Crystal structure of colemanite viewed down the a axis. The 〈Δ2□&x3009 x232A; rings link to form chains of borate polyhedra parallel to the c axis.

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from article Root (botany)

Kinds of roots. (a) Adventitious, on a cutting or slip (geranium). (b) Prop and other adventitious (corn). (c) Fibrous adventitious (grass). (d) Primary, or taproot (dandelion). (e) Fleshy taproot (carrot). (f) Fleshy, fascicled adventitious…

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from article Root (botany)

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from article Root (botany)

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from article Root (botany)

Distribution of tissues in a typical root apex.

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from article Root (botany)

Transverse sections of roots, showing primary and secondary tissues. (a) Soybean. (b) Barley. (c) Soybean; enlarged part of a, showing early formation of cambium. (d) Soybean with abundant secondary tissue.

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from article Root (botany)

Diagrams of vascular transition in dicotyledonous seedling (beet, Beta vulgaris) from root tip upward to level of cotyledons. (a) Root is diarch; its vascular tissues are continuous with those of (e) the cotyledons through (b–d) the transition…

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from article Island biogeography

Equilibrium number of species (Sequilibrium) is determined by the intersection of the immigration ( I ) and extinction ( E ) rate curves. P is the maximum number of species in the source pool.

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from article Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) spacecraft. (Courtesy of NASA/WMAP Science Team)

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from article Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

WMAP sky-scan strategy. (a) Location of the satellite relative to the Earth and Sun (not to scale), and the orientation of the satellite and of the lines of sight to the spots on the sky focused by the primary reflectors, which continually changed…

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from article Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

WMAP full-sky CMB anisotropy map. The microwaves captured in this picture from WMAP are from when the universe was 378,000 years old, over 13 × 109 years ago. It is a “baby picture” of the universe, equivalent to taking a picture of an 80-year-old…

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from article Hydroponics

Green- and red-leaf lettuce growing in a hydroponic vegetable garden on a bamboo fence. The pipes, which supply nutrients and water, are part of the hydroponic system. (Credit: Piyachok Thawornmat, Shutterstock)

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from article Hydroponics

Hydroponic techniques: (a) aerated standing culture; (b) flowing-solution culture with standing solution; (c) nutrient film technique; (d) aeroponics.

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from article Emerald

Emerald crystals. (Credit: Reimphoto/Getty Images)

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from article Flower

Flower structure, median longitudinal section.

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from article Flower

Diagrammatic section of an orange blossom. (After J. B. Free, Insect Pollination of Crops, Academic Press, 1970)

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from article Flower

Flower of Penstemon, a member of the foxglove family, in section. (After C. E. Wood, Jr., A Student's Atlas of Flowering Plants: Some Dicotyledons of Eastern North America, Harper and Row, 1974)

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from article Flower

Longitudinal section of a flower bud and one carpel in section of blackberry (Rubus betulifolius). (After K. R. Robertson, The genera of Rosaceae in the southeastern United States, J. Arnold Arbor., 55:344–401, 1974)

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from article Flower

Placentation: (a) parietal, (b) axile, and (c) free central. (After P. H. Raven, R. F. Evert, and H. Curtis, Biology of Plants, Worth Publishers, 1976)

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from article Flower

Nectaries. (a) Cherry flower (after W. H. Brown, The bearing of nectaries on the phylogeny of flowering plants, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 79:549–595, 1938). (b) Flower of nasturtium (after B. J. D. Meeuse, The Story of Pollination, Ronald Press,…

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from article Flower

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) of the composite family. (a) Inflorescence in section. (b) Side view of ray floret. (c) Side view of tubular floret. (d) Section of tubular floret. (After J. B. Free, Insect Pollination of Crops, Academic Press, 1970)

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from article Flower

Successive stages of flower formation in a wood sorrel. (a) Sepals and petals already initiated; the androecium begins as five bumps on the floral apex; five more will be added. At maturity, five long stamens will alternate with five short ones. (b)…

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from article Flower

Lily anther. (a) Cross section of young anther showing four microsporangia with sporogenous tissue. (b) Cross section of mature anther with two pollen sacs containing pollen. (After A. W. Haupt, Plant Morphology, McGraw-Hill, 1953)

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from article Flower

Gametophyte: (a) embryo sac and (b) pollen tube. (After O. Tippo and W. L. Stern, Humanistic Botany, W. W. Norton, 1977)

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from article Tomato

Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). (Credit: Peggy Greb, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)

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from article Tomato

Tomato affected by anthracnose (caused by the fungus Colletotrichum phomoides). (Credit: U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Clemson University)

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from article Tomato

Tomatoes showing blossom-end rot. (Credit: Mary Ann Hansen, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)

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from article Electrolysis

Electrolysis cell in which the electrolyte is a solution of sodium chloride.

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from article Learning

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from article Learning

Brain activity can be recorded in various ways, from single-cell activity (top tracing) to the familiar electrical patterns ("brain waves") of an electroencephalogram (bottom tracing). (Credit: Based on an original drawing by C. Cotman and J.…

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from article Pine nut

Pine nuts in their hard shell (Mexican piñon pine, Pinus cembroides). (Photo by Steve Hurst, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database)

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from article Pine nut

Cone containing pine nuts (stone pine, Pinus pinea). (Photo by Vito Buono, Bari, Italy)

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from article Ultracentrifuge

Diagram of an electrically driven analytical ultracentrifuge. (Beckman Instruments)

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from article Ultracentrifuge

Analytical rotor. (Beckman Instruments)

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from article Ultracentrifuge

Fixed-angle preparative rotor and tubes. (Beckman Instruments)

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from article Biofilm

Biofilms are highly structured communities of microorganisms that are surface-associated or attached to one another, and are enclosed within a self-produced protective extracellular matrix. Biofilm formation and actions involve a number of stages:…

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from article Pyroclastic rocks

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from article Pyroclastic rocks

Distribution downwind of the pyroclastic fall deposit from the climactic eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, on May 18, 1980. The contours (isopachs) are drawn through points of measured equal thickness (in centimeters) of this ash layer.…

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from article Pyroclastic rocks

Aerial view in March 1998 of the fan-shaped pyroclastic delta formed by repeated entries of pyroclastic flows and surges into the Caribbean Sea during the Soufrière Hills Volcano eruption in 1996–1997. (Photograph by R.P. Hoblitt, USGS)

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from article Pyroclastic rocks

Observed or postulated mechanisms for the generation of pyroclastic flow and surge deposits (from W. E. Scott, 1989). (a, b) Mechanisms that commonly produce block-and-ash flow deposits. (b, c) Mechanisms that trigger laterally directed blasts.…

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from article Pyroclastic rocks

Some variations in pyroclastic rock formations. (a) Layers of pyroclastic fall deposits from the eruption plume of the June 15, 1991, explosive eruption of Mount Pinatubo (Luzon, Philippines). This exposure, located about 9 km (5.5 mi) southeast of…

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from article Equisetales

Equisetum arvense. (a) Sterile shoot. (b) Fertile shoot growing from an underground rootstock. (c) Cone. (d) Two views of shield-shaped sporangiophores. (e) Spores, greatly enlarged. As spore dries, elaters expand. (After E. W. Sinnott and K. S.…

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from article Equisetales

Equisetum gametophyte. (a) Small gametophyte, showing antheridia only. (b) Male gametes. (c) Larger gametophyte; branching lobes have archegonia at bases. (After E. W. Sinnott and K. S. Wilson, Botany: Principles and Problems, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill,…

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from article Equisetales

Sporophytes. (a) Equisetum gametophyte with sporophytes. (b, c, d) The young sporophytes of Equisetum hiemale. (After G. M. Smith, Cryptogamic Botany, vol. 2, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1955)

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from article Pathotoxin

Oat seedling resistant to Victoria blight obtained by screening a susceptible population with the pathotoxin victorin, a product of the pathogen Helminthosporium victoriae.

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from article Pathotoxin

Separation of corn seedlings resistant (N) and susceptible (T) to southern corn leaf blight by treatment with a pathotoxin produced by Helminthosporium maydis race T.

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from article Pathotoxin

Chemical structures of four pathotoxins. (a) Fusicoccin. (b) Tentoxin. (c) AM-toxin. (d) HMT-toxin.

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from article Tree ferns

Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern), a common member of the family Cyatheaceae. (Photo by Forest and Kim Starr)

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from article Tree ferns

Arrangement of leaves of Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern). (Photo by Bryan Harry, Haleakalā National Park, National Park Service, Maui, Hawaii)

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from article Earth's interior

Speculative models of the interiors of the terrestrial planets. All are rocky, divided into a crust (not shown here), mantle, and metallic core. (After R. T. Merrill and M. W. McElhinny, The Earth's Magnetic Field, Academic Press, 1983)

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from article Earth's interior

Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) for P- and S-wave velocities, vp and vs, and density ρ. In the part of the upper mantle where the model is anisotropic, velocities are given in both the vertical and horizontal direction. The broken lines…

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from article Earth's interior

Variations of gravity and pressure inside the Earth. 1 m = 3.3 ft. 1 megabar = 100 GPa. (After P. Melchior, The Physics of the Earth's Core, Pergamon Press, 1986)

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from article Earth's interior

Density versus depth for several mantle constituents along the 1400°C (2552°F) adiabat. Data points show the density variation of PREM. All three constituents shown here contain magnesium-rich silicates. (After D. L. Anderson, Where on Earth is the…

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from article Earth's interior

P-wave velocity anomalies above the core–mantle boundary in terms of spherical harmonics up to degree and order 6, obtained by inverting P-wave travel time data. Positive perturbations indicate faster-than-average material. Contour interval = 25…

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from article Earth's interior

Speculative, schematic model of the core–mantle boundary layer. A heterogeneous chemical boundary layer is embedded in a thermal boundary layer. Large-scale mantle circulation transports chemical heterogeneity to the base of the mantle as well as…

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from article Earth's interior

Schematic temperature profile of the mantle. Subsequent estimates of core temperature are higher than suggested in the figure; the temperature jump across the thermal boundary layer at the base of the mantle will then be correspondingly higher. °F =…

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from article Earth's interior

Schematic temperature profile of the core. The melting-point curve for the core is substantially below the melting point of pure iron. All temperatures may have to be raised to correspond with further estimates of the melting point of iron. °F = (K…

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from article Earth's interior

Contour plots of the radial component of the magnetic field at the core–mantle boundary (a) for the year 1715 and (b) for 1980. The contour interval is 100 microteslas; solid-line contours represent flux into the core, and broken-line contours…

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from article Circadian clock (plants)

Three-module circadian clock system.

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from article Circadian clock (plants)

Model of the Arabidopsis circadian clock, showing light input (bold arrow), the central oscillator (large box) and output/response (tinted arrows). Light signals synchronize the clock via the cryptochromes (cry) and phytochromes (phy). These are…

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from article Triple point

Phase diagram for water, showing gas, liquid, and several solid (ice) phases; triple points at A, B, and C. The pressure scale changes at 101 kilopascals from logarithmic scale at low pressure to linear at high pressure.

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from article Ecosystem

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from article Ecosystem

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from article Ecosystem

Food chains are limited by energy transfer. In this illustration, energy is transferred from the Sun to a plant (producer) to a primary consumer and to a secondary consumer. Energy is used by the producer and consumer organisms and is lost to the…

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from article Ecosystem

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from article Ecosystem

General model of the carbon cycle in ecosystems: (A) carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air; (B) carbon from decomposition; (C) carbon from fossil fuels; (D) natural events (for example, forest fires and volcanoes) release CO2 into the air. (Copyright ©…

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from article Macrocyclic compound

Macrocyclic structures. (a) Two crown ethers. (b) A basic structure for three cryptands. (c) A lariat ether. (d) All-aliphatic spherand. (e) All-aromatic spherand.

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from article Macrocyclic compound

Macrocycles with various structural features. (a) Bicyclic cryptand (ditopic receptor). (b) Calix[6]arene; R represents a functional group. (c) Cavitand. (d) Carcerand. (e) Cyclophanes.

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from article Macrocyclic compound

Tetramers. (a) Resorcinarene having the rctt conformation. (b) Pyrogallolarene having the rccc conformation.

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from article Macrocyclic compound

The metal cation is the guest and the organic structure is the host in (a) 18-crown-6 complex of potassium cation (K+) and (b) sodium (Na+) complexed by a calix[4]arene.

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Wind Lantern

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