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from article Polymer composite
Relation between stiffness and filler type and orientation in polymeric materials. L/D = length/diameter of fiber.
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from article Polymer composite
Load transfer from matrix to fiber in a composite. LC = critical length. σma = matrix stress.
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from article Polymer composite
Tensile modulus for various fibers.
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from article Polymer composite
Unidirectional continuous fiber–reinforced laminated structure. L = longitudinal direction. T = transverse direction.
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from article Polymer composite
Measured and predicted elastic modulus in a unidirectional fiber–reinforced laminate as a function of angle between the loading and fiber direction.
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from article Branched polymer
Examples of branched polymers. (a) Branched polymer (if arms are of composition similar to backbone) or graft polymer (if compositions are different). (b) Star polymer. (c) Comb polymer. (d) Dendritic polymer.
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from article Branched polymer
Reaction for preparation of a star polymer with styrene-butadiene block copolymer arms.
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from article Branched polymer
Steps in the synthesis of a starburst polymer. s = surface. o = interior. fr = reactive group. fp = protected group.
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from article Tangent
Line L tangent to curve C at P.
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from article Heterocyclic polymer
Structural units in linear polymers. (a) Simple linear polymer. (b) Stepladder polymer. (c) Ladder polymer.
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from article Heterocyclic polymer
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from article Intermolecular force
Schematic diagram of intermolecular interaction. (a) There is negligible interaction between atoms that are 1 nm apart. (b) For atoms separated by about 0.8 nm or less, attractive dispersion forces result from correlated fluctuations of the electron…
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from article Fruit, tree
Apple trees growing in an orchard. (Photo by Charles Rondeau)
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from article Fruit, tree
Apple scab on fruit. This disease, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, leads to unsightly blemishes on ripe apples. (Photo courtesy of the University of Georgia Plant Pathology Archive)
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from article Fruit, tree
Brown rot, caused by the fungus Monilinia fructicola, on a peach. (Photo by Jonas Janner Hamann, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil)
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from article Fruit, tree
Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, on apple fruits and leaves. (Photo courtesy of the University of Georgia Plant Pathology Archive)
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from article Fruit, tree
Blue mold (Penicillium italicum) on a rotting orange. (Photo by G. L. Barron)
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from article Funariales
Funariales sporophytes. (a) Funaria hygrometrica, entire plant (after H. S. Conard, How To Know the Mosses, Jaques, 1944); (b) deoperculate capsule; (c) capsule tip enlarged. (d) Physcomitrium turbinatum (P. pyriform), entire plant; (e) capsule…
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from article Belladonna
Close-up view of the belladonna plant (Atropa belladonna), showing the leaves and berries, which are toxic. (Credit: Leo Michels)
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from article Masking of sound
Three psychophysical tuning curves, showing the tonal masking effects for tonal signals of 300, 1000, or 3000 Hz. (After F. L. Wightman et al. Factors influencing frequency selectivity in normal and hearing-impaired listeners, in E. F. Evans and J.…
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from article Masking of sound
Width of the critical band in hertz as a function of signal frequency.
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from article Masking of sound
Relative amount of masking obtained in forward, simultaneous, and backward masking. (After W. A. Yost, Fundamentals of Hearing: An Introduction, 4th ed., Academic Press, New York, 2000)
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from article Masking of sound
Masking of a 1000-Hz pure-tone signal in forward masking when the masker is a two-tone complex consisting of a 1000-Hz masker and a second tone. (a) Threshold of signal for the two-tone masker relative to that obtained when only the 1000-Hz tone…
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from article Lignin-degrading fungi
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from article Lignin-degrading fungi
Close-up view of Pleurotus spp. fruiting bodies growing naturally on a dead tree log. The common name of oyster mushroom comes from the shell-like appearance of the fruiting body. Note the characteristic eccentric caps.
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from article Cryptochrome
Role of cryptochromes (CRY) in the sunlight-induced regulation of stem elongation and flowering time in plants. Via signal transduction through cryptochromes, sunlight directly stimulates both gene transcription in the nucleus and protein…
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from article Cryptochrome
Functions of cryptochromes in the mammalian circadian clock. Cryptochromes (CRY) and melanopsins (MOP) can mediate light signals for the photo-entrainment of the circadian clock. In addition, CRY acts as a component of the negative-feedback loop…
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from article Cryptochrome
Basic structure of cryptochromes, emphasizing the lack of a C-terminal extension in photolyase and the different sizes of C-terminal extensions in cryptochromes from various species. PHR indicates photolyase or photolyase-related regions. MTHF…
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from article Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen-oxide structures. Blue = nitrogen. Red = oxygen.
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from article Nerve agent
Chemical structure of the nerve agent tabun (GA), C5H11N2O2P.
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from article Nerve agent
An example of hazardous materials workers wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), as might be worn to protect against nerve agent exposure. (Credit: CDC Public Health Image Library)
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from article Nerve agent
A practice exercise at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showing responders using a decontamination station, as might be used after a nerve agent incident. (Credit: CDC Public Health Image Library/Kathy Nellis Chastney)
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from article Nerve agent
Example of auto-injector syringes for atropine and pralidoxime, two antidotes for nerve agent exposure, from a Mark 1 Nerve Agent Antidote Kit (NAAK). (Credit: ATSDR/CDC)
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from article Grimmiales
Grimmia apocarpa; grows generally on rock. (a) Leaf. (b) Portion of base of leaf. (c) Apex of leaf. (d) Urn and peristome. (e) Capsule. (After W. H. Welch, Mosses of Indiana, Indiana Department of Conservation, 1957)
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from article Hyperbola
Hyperbola as a conic section.
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from article Hyperbola
Hyperbola as a locus of points.
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from article Alicyclic hydrocarbon
Internal bond angles (α) for (a–c) planar rings and (d) a tetrahedral carbon atom.
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from article Alicyclic hydrocarbon
Nonplanar (a) chair and (b) boat structures of cyclohexane.
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from article Alcohol
Ethanol production plant. (Credit: Julie Kendall/Getty Images)
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from article Alcohol
E85 is a gasoline-ethanol blend containing 51 to 83% ethanol. It is used in flexible-fuel vehicles, which can operate on gasoline or blends of gasoline and ethanol. About 20 million flexible-fuel vehicles are operating in the United States. (Credit:…
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from article Fluids
Probability of finding molecular centers at various separations in gases, liquids, and solids.
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from article Fluids
Conditions of pure-component phase behavior.
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from article Fluids
Behavior of pure-component pressures with density at various temperatures.
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from article Fluids
Behavior of pure-component compressibility factors with pressure at various temperatures.
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from article Corallinales
Articulated coralline red algae (genus Calliarthron, order Corallinales) found off the California coast in the Pacific Ocean. (Photo by Steve Lonhart, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
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from article Laminariales
Laminaria: (a) sporophyte; (b) cross section of blade, showing a sorus of unilocular sporangia interspersed with sterile hairs (paraphyses); (c) zoospore; (d) male gametophyte with antheridia; (e) antherozoid (sperm); (f) female gametophyte with…
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from article Laminariales
Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) can grow up to 0.6 m (2 ft) per day. Note the series of frond blades, with each subtended by a bladder. (Photo courtesy of Charlotte Stevenson, University of Southern California Sea Grant, Los Angeles)
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from article Biosynthesis
Biosynthetic relationships of some natural products. Specific examples which belong to the various classes are given in brackets.
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from article Thulium
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from article Pottiales
Tortula ruralis. (a) Entire plant. (b) Leaf. (c) Urn with calyptra. (d) Peristome. (After W. H. Welch, Mosses of Indiana, Indiana Department of Conservation, 1957)
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from article Chemistry
Periodic table. (Jaap Hart/Getty Images)
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from article Parenchyma
Schematic representation of a group of cells from parenchyma of Asparagus root, illustrating regular arrangement of cells in a compact tissue.
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from article Parenchyma
Transverse section of a leaf of Tolmiea menziesii, showing mesophyll or chlorenchyma with prominent intercellular spaces. (Photograph by R. B. Wylie)
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from article Parenchyma
Section of Olearia rami leaf cut parallel to surface, showing mesophyll or chlorenchyma with prominent intercellular spaces. (Photograph by R. B. Wylie)
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from article Mercury (element)
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from article Mercury (element)
Mercury droplets exhibiting non-wetting of the surface. (Credit: A. Cerar/Getty Images)
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from article Mercury (element)
Tooth with a silver-amalgam filling. (Credit: Szasz-Fabian Jozsef/Shutterstock.com)
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from article Bluegrass
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). (Photo courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Phytoalexin
Plants (left) respond to pathogenic attacks (such as caused by fungi; right) by producing phytoalexins. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Phytoalexin
Structures of various phytoalexins: ipomeamarone, glyceollin I, momilactone A, gossypol, and capsidiol. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Polygonales
Coastal jointweed (Polygonella articulata), a characteristic member of the former order Polygonales, now reassigned to the order Caryophyllales. (Photo by Rob Routledge)
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from article Bipolar disorder
Prevalence of bipolar disorder in adults. The bar graph shows the percent of the U.S. adult population affected by bipolar disorder as it relates to age. (Credit: National Institute of Mental Health)
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from article Organic conductor
Structures of organic conductors. (a) Electron donors. (b) Acceptor molecule (TCNQ) and two monovalent anions. Abbreviations are explained in the text.
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from article Organic conductor
Stacking of charge-transfer compounds. (a) Segregated stacking of TTF-TCNQ-like materials. (b) Typical zigzag stacking of the (TMTSF)2X series.
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from article Organic conductor
Comparison of the range of electrical conductivities of some AsF5-doped conducting polymers with some metals, semiconductors, and nonconducting polymers.
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from article Organic conductor
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from article Sandalwood
Coast sandalwood (Santalum ellipticum) of Hawaii. (Photo courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Geometrization theorem
Making a 2-D torus.
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from article Geometrization theorem
Life in Seifert-Weber dodecahedral space. (Courtesy of Geometry Center, University of Minnesota)
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from article Geometrization theorem
Hyperbolic dodecahedron of infinite diameter. The infinite spikes are rounded off “chimneys,” which are here triangular rather than rectangular. (Courtesy of Paul Nylander from http://bugman123.com/)
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from article Geometrization theorem
Neck pinching, resulting in infinite curvature.
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from article Geometrization theorem
Ricci flow with surgery.
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from article Neuroeconomics
Neuroeconomics applies neuroscientific tools and methodologies to investigate the decision making that occurs inside the brain. (Credit: James Steidl/SuperStock)
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from article Matrix theory
Vector rotation that rotates any vector v in the plane counterclockwise through 45° to a new vector Tv.
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from article Boolean algebra
A portrait of George Boole.
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from article Psychological resilience
Psychological resilience refers to positive adaptation among individuals at risk for maladjustment. There are three classes of protective factors that help people to thrive in the face of significant adversities: support from close family and…
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from article Psychological resilience
The strongest predictor of resilient adaptation is the quality of an individual's close, personal relationships. In general, positive relationships help individuals to combat adversity through collective problem solving and through the sharing of…
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from article Calculus of variations
Weierstrass condition. Symbols explained in text.
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from article Calculus of variations
Example of an area-minimizing surface that cannot be written as the graph of a single function. (a) Nonconvex domain C. (b) Minimal graph over C that is not area-minimizing. (c) Second surface over C that has less area. (After F. Morgan, Geometric…
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from article Calculus of variations
Comparison of surfaces. (a) Surface with no handles. (b) Surface with one handle and less area. (c) Surface with two handles and still less area. (d, e, f) These three surfaces are deformed to show that they do have zero, one, and two handles,…
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from article Calculus of variations
Examples of surfaces minimizing the integral of a nonelliptic integrand among all bodies having the same volume (the surface at upper left) and among all surfaces having the same boundary (the saddle-shaped surface). Surfaces were computed as part…
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from article Bluestem grass
Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii). (Photo by Lynn Betts, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Bluestem grass
Seed heads of little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). (Photo by Lynn Betts, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Theales
Flower of a Franklin tree (Franklinia alatamaha), which is a characteristic member of the family Theaceae in the order Theales, named in honor of Benjamin Franklin. Although the tree (a rare native plant of the southeastern United States) has not…
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from article Suicide
Methods of suicide in (left) males and (right) females. The three most prevalent methods of suicide involve firearms, suffocation, and poisoning. Males are much more likely to use firearms, whereas the preferred method in females is poisoning.…
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from article Suicide
Age-adjusted suicide rates in males and females from 1999 to 2017 in the United States. (Credit: National Vital Statistics System, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article Linear algebra
Geometric representation of a vector OP.
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from article Hydrido complexes
Structure of ReH92−.
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from article Hydrido complexes
Structure of [HMn(CO)5].
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from article Hydrido complexes
Structure of [HRe(C5H5)2]. The aromatic C5H5 groups are represented by pentagons.
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from article Hydrido complexes
Hydridophosphine structures, with the C6H5 groups not shown. (a) [HRuCl(P{C6H5 }3)3]. (b) [H3Ir(P{C6H5 }3)3].
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from article Hydrido complexes
Reaction scheme for hydrogenation of an olefin using Wilkinson's catalyst.
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from article Hydrido complexes
Structure of [HCr2(CO)10]−.
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from article Hydrido complexes
Structure of [H2W2(CO)8]2−.
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from article Hydrido complexes
Core of the [H8Re2(P{C2H5 }2C6H5)4] molecule. All organic groups are omitted for clarity.
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from article Hydrido complexes
Structure of [H2Th(C5 {CH3 }5)2]2. The hydrogen atoms of the methyl groups are omitted for clarity.
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from article Hypergeometric functions
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from article Onion
Pungent red onions (Allium cepa). (Photo by Stephen Ausmus, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Onion
Collection of yellow onions (Allium cepa) after harvesting. (Photo by Doug Wilson, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Onion
Common onions (Allium cepa) infected by Urocystis cepulae, causing onion smut. (Photo by Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University)
