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The Accidental Discovery of LSD

Unlike its name, Bicycle Day is not a holiday honoring your favorite two-wheeled, environmentally friendly vehicle. This holiday celebrates the day chemist Albert Hofmann first discovered the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide,…

Video / Animation

Are We Running Out of Vanilla?

Vanilla is a flavor so common that some people use it as an adjective to describe something plain or ordinary. But watch out! This beloved, flavorful bean may soon become a rarity. Credit: Reactions/American Chemical Society

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The Brain Science of Taste

Thanksgiving is a holiday when many people look forward to a tasty home-cooked meal. According to neuroscientist Charles Zuker, not only is that sense of taste in the brain, but it is a matter of life and death. This video takes you on a…

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Can Pheromones Get You A Date?

Is there such a thing as love at first scent? Hundreds of spray-on pheromone products claim to put you on the fast track to romance, but can they really help humans land a mate? This video has the answers. [Credit: Reactions/American Chemical…

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Chemistry Life Hacks (Volume 2)

This video contains chemistry-fueled solutions for everyday problems, such as spotting rotten eggs, reviving soggy green vegetables, and fixing busted buttons. [Credit: Reactions/American Chemical Society (www.youtube.com/acsreactions)]

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The Chemistry of Addiction

It’s a sinister condition that affects millions of people: addiction. Whether it’s alcohol, drugs, food, or gambling, addiction can ruin lives. This video takes a look at the chemistry behind addiction. Credit: Reactions/American Chemical…

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The Chemistry of Allspice

This video examines the science behind the most misunderstood spice in the world: allspice. [Credit: Reactions/American Chemical Society (www.youtube.com/acsreactions)]

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The Chemistry of Fear

This video uncovers the chemistry behind the spine-tingling sense of fear. Watch as Abigail Marsh, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Psychology at Georgetown University, highlights key brain chemicals and hormones involved in fear and the…

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The Chemistry of Love

This video explains how certain neurotransmitters fuel lifelong pair bonds in prairie voles, which—along with humans—are the mammalian kingdom's leading monogamists. In the video, Abigail Marsh, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Psychology at…

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The Chemistry of Pepper

Pepper is one of the most common condiments in the world today, but it used to be more valuable than gold. This video examines how pepper's delectable chemistry made it a key player in the global spice trade. [Credit: Reactions/American…

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The Chemistry of Poison Ivy

What happens when you get covered in poison ivy and you cannot stop scratching? Jennifer Novotney, winner of the 2014 Chemistry Champions science communications competition, breaks down what it is about that dreaded vine that makes us so…

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The Chemistry of Your Eyes During Sleep

What’s that stuff that collects in the corners of your eyes when you sleep? This video explains the chemistry of the film that protects your eyes. Credit: Reactions/American Chemical Society

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Coffee Chemistry

It’s one of the most popular beverages in the world, and many of us rely on it to stay awake every day. But not every cup of coffee is created equal. From the bean to the brew, science can help you get the perfect cup. This video goes on a…

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Do Humans Have Pheromones?

Online entrepreneurs may try to sell bottled human pheromones, but do these even exist? It's doubtful, according to this video. Credit: Reactions/American Chemical Society

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Facts About Ringworm

This video explores what ringworm is, how to avoid contracting the infection, and—if you do—how to get rid of it. Credit: Reactions/American Chemical Society

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GMO Regulation in America

Most scientists say genetically modified foods are safe to consume, but critics are fiercely opposed to GMOs. The U.S. has several federal agencies that regulate GMOs. Where do those agencies stand? In the era of CRISPR gene-editing…

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How Does Adderall™ Work?

More than 25 million people rely on Adderall™ and other similar drugs to help treat narcolepsy, depression and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). But how does amphetamine, the active ingredient in Adderall™, work? This video…

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How Does Xanax® Work?

Whether or not you have anxiety, you've probably heard of Xanax®. This video uncovers the chemistry behind this popular and widely prescribed drug, and answers the question of how Xanax works in the body. Credit: Reactions/American…

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How Smartphones Keep You Awake

Your smartphone addiction isn't helping you sleep. In fact, an obscure chemical reaction may be keeping you awake. This video looks at the process that connects your late-night texts to your lack of sleep. [Credit: Reactions/American Chemical…

Video / Animation

How to Make Flowers Last Longer

Some special occasions call for flowers. After a few days, though, that beautiful bouquet may start wilting. This video has picked out the best science-backed tips to maximize the freshness of cut flowers. Credit: Reactions/American…

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How to Make Fluorescent Flowers

Do you have a special someone you want to impress? This video might help. Learn how to turn white flowers into fluorescent masterpieces. Credit: Reactions/American Chemical Society

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How to Make Tomatoes Taste Awesome Again

Supermarket tomatoes account for nearly 10 percent of produce sales in the U.S. So why do most store-bought tomatoes taste terrible? Is there a way to make tomatoes taste great again? This video may have the answer. Credit:…

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Innovative Ways to Fight Climate Change

This video examines some novel proposals for combating climate change—including space mirrors, seeding the ocean with iron, and feeding cows seaweed. In reality, these ideas may or may not be feasible, but they are all supported by valid…

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Learning and the Teenage Brain

Neuroscientist Daphna Shohamy has found that teen brains are wired to learn. She thinks that studying teenagers can help us discover how everyone makes decisions based on experiences and memories. Shohamy’s research is showing that learning…

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Milk Chocolate Versus Dark Chocolate

For all you chocolate lovers out there, this video puts dark and milk chocolate together in a faceoff. Which of these deliciously and potentially healthful treats will come out as the greatest? Watch them fight it out in four rounds.…

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Phloem Loading

This animation explains how carbohydratesare loaded into the vascular tissue called phloem for distribution throughout living plants.

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Root Nodule Formation

This animation shows root nodule formation, a complex process in leguminous plants that supports symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

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The Scent of Catnip

Most cats love catnip, but that’s not why this flowering plant produces its volatile oils. The scent of catnip is actually an application of "the enemy of my enemy is my friend" strategy. Find out exactly what that means in this video.…

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The Scent of Freshly Cut Grass May Be a Distress Signal

The scent of freshly cut grass may actually be a chemical cry for help. This video explains how plants communicate, their chemical response to being damaged, and how insects play a role. Credit: Reactions/American Chemical Society

Video / Animation

Shedding Light on Seasonal Affective Disorder

When days get shorter, darker, and colder, some people become gloomier. For people with seasonal affective disorder, the changing seasons can make them sadder than most, to the point of depression. Why does this happen? What can someone with…

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The Smell of Durian Explained

Durian is known as the king of fruits in southeast Asia, but it’s also banned from many public spaces due to its powerful odor. This video explains the unique chemistry behind durian, and catches some participants at PBS Digital Studios…

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The Spacefaring Power of Urine

Getting to Mars is on some people's minds here on Earth. When it comes to space travel, recycling is a space traveler's best friend, urine included. This video looks at a brilliant new potential use for urine in space. It flows a bit farther…

Video / Animation

The Truth About Wasabi

Do you love a spicy wasabi kick to accompany your raw fish? Well, you’ve probably never tasted real wasabi. As Sarah Everts explains, unless you’ve had a sushi chef grate an expensive wasabi stem straight onto your plate, you’ve probably not…

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The Universe in a Cup of Coffee

This video does a deep dive on the surprisingly complex chemistry behind many people's favorite morning beverage: coffee. The chemistry of the universe is, in a way, in your morning cup of coffee—from the evolution of caffeine as a defensive…

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Vertical Farming

There’s a new trend in agriculture called vertical farming. When humans first learned to farm, we arranged plants outside in horizontal fields, and then invented irrigation and fertilizers to grow crops. But with modern technology and…

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What Happens When You're About to Die?

This video takes a close look at what happens chemically in the brain and body just before a person dies. Credit: Reactions/American Chemical Society

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What If Humans Could Photosynthesize?

The Sun shines a massive amount of energy onto the Earth’s surface every day. What if humans could take a cue from plants, and use sunlight to make their own food? From chloroplasts to carbon dioxide, this video creates a hypothetical…

Video / Animation

Why Are Synthetic Drugs So Dangerous?

Synthetic drugs such as “bath salts,” “K2” or “Spice,” have made unsettling headlines lately, with reports of violent, erratic behavior and deaths after people have used these substances. Why are synthetic drugs so dangerous, and why aren’t…

Video / Animation

Why Do Leaves Change Color?

The telltale signs of autumn include crisp weather, pumpkins, and the changing colors of leaves. Do you ever wonder why some leaves turn red, others turn yellow, and some just turn brown? This video explains how chlorophyll and the glucose…

Video / Animation

Why Do Roses Smell So Sweet?

Roses are among the world's most fragrant flowers, but did you know that one minor chemical change would make a rose smell less sweet? Chemist Raychelle Burks, Ph.D., explains why in this video. [Credit: Reactions/American Chemical Society…

Video / Animation

Why Do We Love Music?

Whether it's rock, hip-hop, classical, or deep house, everyone has a favorite kind of music. But why do we love to throw on the headphones and get lost in the beat? It turns out that chemistry plays a big role in our favorite tunes. Watch…

Video / Animation

Why Do Wet Dogs Stink? And Other Canine Chemistry

Dogs—they can be our best four-legged friends, and they’re the stars of many Internet videos. This video investigates the chemistry behind a dog’s amazing sense of smell, and why wet dogs stink. And have you ever noticed that dog food smells…

Video / Animation

Why Does Food Make Your Mouth Water?

You’re sitting in your favorite restaurant when a waiter walks by with a hot plate of your favorite food, and your mouth starts to water. Why? What causes drooling in the first place, and why do we only sometimes salivate? This video explains…

Video / Animation

Why Does Stepping on a LEGO® Brick Hurt So Much?

The mind-bending pain of a bare foot pressing down on a LEGO® brick is one of the worst known to humanity. How does something so innocent-looking create such an intense feeling? This video discusses nociception, and the chemistry of how these…

Video / Animation

Why Too Much Stress Is Bad For You

It’s supposed to help keep our bodies healthy in stressful situations, but the constant stress of our everyday lives means we’re getting overexposed to cortisol. In this video, Raychelle Burks, Ph.D. explains why too much cortisol is bad for…

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from article Circadian clock (plants)

Three-module circadian clock system.

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from article Circadian clock (plants)

Model of the Arabidopsis circadian clock, showing light input (bold arrow), the central oscillator (large box), and output/response (tinted arrows). Light signals synchronize the clock via the cryptochromes (cry) and phytochromes (phy). These are…

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from article Gibberellins

ent-Gibberellane carbon skeleton showing the carbon numbering system and ring designations.

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from article Gibberellins

The GA-biosynthetic pathway in higher plants via 2-methylerythritol-4-phosphate (MEP). The biologically active end products of the pathway are GA1, GA3, and GA4. The general diterpene precursor trans-geranylgeranyldiphosphate (GGPP) is formed in…

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from article Gibberellins

Mechanisms for GA inactivation. C19-GAs and C20-GAs may be oxidized on C-2 by different classes of GA 2-oxidases (GA2ox). In rice, the enzyme ELONGATED UPPER INTERNODE (EUI) oxidizes the 16,17-double bond of non–13-hydroxylated GAs, such as GA4, to…

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