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from article Circadian clock (plants)
Three-module circadian clock system.
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from article Circadian clock (plants)
Model of the Arabidopsis circadian clock, showing light input (bold arrow), the central oscillator (large box), and output/response (tinted arrows). Light signals synchronize the clock via the cryptochromes (cry) and phytochromes (phy). These are…
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from article Gibberellins
ent-Gibberellane carbon skeleton showing the carbon numbering system and ring designations.
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from article Gibberellins
The GA-biosynthetic pathway in higher plants via 2-methylerythritol-4-phosphate (MEP). The biologically active end products of the pathway are GA1, GA3, and GA4. The general diterpene precursor trans-geranylgeranyldiphosphate (GGPP) is formed in…
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from article Gibberellins
Mechanisms for GA inactivation. C19-GAs and C20-GAs may be oxidized on C-2 by different classes of GA 2-oxidases (GA2ox). In rice, the enzyme ELONGATED UPPER INTERNODE (EUI) oxidizes the 16,17-double bond of non–13-hydroxylated GAs, such as GA4, to…
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from article Gibberellins
DELLA protein showing conserved domains, and a model for DELLA degradation via the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase, which consists of a DELLA-specific F-box, Skp1, Cullin1 (CUL), and Rbx1 subunits. Binding of the GID1-GA complex to DELLAs promotes…
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from article Gibberellins
Model for GA-induced production of α-amylase in the aleurone of germinating cereal grains. GAs produced in the scutellum diffuse to the aleurone cells, where they stimulate transcription, processing, and secretion of α-amylase and other hydrolytic…
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from article Chlorophyceae
Chlorococcales. (a) Chlorococcum (Chlorococcaceae), vegetative cell; (b) cell with zoospores; (c) zoospores; (d) Hydrodictyon (Hydrodictyaceae), portion of coenobium; (e) portion enlarged; (f) Dictyosphaerium (Dictyosphaeriaceae), colony in…
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from article Chlorophyceae
Filamentous green algae with chlorophycean ultrastructure. (a) Microspora (Microsporales), showing H-shaped wall segments; (b) Sphaeroplea (Sphaeropleales); (c) Chaetophora (Chaetophorales), heterotrichous thallus (erect and prostrate systems).
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from article Chlorophyceae
Ulothrix (Ulotrichales).
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from article Osage orange
Fruit and foliage of osage orange (Maclura pomifera). (Photo copyright © Karren Wcisel)
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from article Bryopsidales
Anatomical structures of selected members of Bryopsidales. (a) Dichotomosiphon, filament with oogonia and antheridia. (b) Ostreobium, filaments. (c) Caulerpa, section of filament showing trabeculae. (d) Codium, group of utricles with gametangia and…
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from article Bryopsidales
Representative members of Bryopsidales. (a) Bryopsis; (b) Caulerpa; (c) Penicillus; (d) Halimeda; (e) Codium.
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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change
Subarctic tundra and vegetation of the Denali National Park and Preserve in Alaska. As a result of climate change and the resultant poleward and upward shift of plant ranges, plants and their ecosystems may become particularly vulnerable. (Credit:…
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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change
Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) growing in Montana. As a result of warming temperatures, this type of grass could face decreased productivity, allowing forbs to increase and making the ecosystem less tolerant of drought and grazing. (Credit: Matt…
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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change
Modeled distribution of suitable climate space in Europe for stiff sedge (Carex bigelowii), which is an Arctic-Alpine plant: (a) during the period 1961–1990 (green color = suitable climate space during the 1961–1990 period); (b) climate model…
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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change
The endangered western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclara) is declining across much of its range in North America. (Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)
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from article Plant juvenility
The basic miRNA, siRNA, and ta-siRNA pathways in plants. The enzymes that carry out the different steps are written to the right of the downward arrows. The miRNA pathway schematic shows processing of the hairpin into an miRNA:miRNA* duplex by the…
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from article Plant juvenility
The developmental expression patterns of genes that regulate vegetative phase change. This graph is meant to show only the changes in expression for each gene during development rather than actual expression levels or relative levels between genes.
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from article Rosemary
Leaves of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). (Photograph courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Squash
Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), a type of summer squash, with flowers. (Credit: Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University/www.Bugwood.org)
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from article Squash
Crookneck squash (Cucurbita moschata). (Credit: Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University/www.Bugwood.org)
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from article Squash
Delicata squash (Cucurbita pepo), a variety of winter squash. (Credit: Shaun Case)
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from article Squash
Leaves of Cucurbita pepo infected by a squash mosaic virus. (Credit: William M. Brown, Jr./www.Bugwood.org)
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from article Dormancy
Viviparous seeds of maize (Zea mays) germinating on the cob because of a mutation (vp14) preventing abscisic acid synthesis. (From S. H. Schwartz and J. A. D. Zeevaart, Abscisic acid biosynthesis and metabolism, pp. 137–155, in P. J. Davies, ed.,…
