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The explosion from the Climax test shot of Operation Upshot-Knothole, conducted in June 1953 at the Nevada Test Site. (Credit: National Nuclear Security Administration/Nevada Site Office/DOE)

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from article Electromagnetic pulse (EMP)

Total gamma source strength versus time for nominal 1-megaton surface burst. Both horizontal and vertical scales are logarithmic.

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from article Electromagnetic pulse (EMP)

Schematic representation of the EMP in a high-altitude burst. The extent of the source region varies with the altitude and the yield of the explosion.

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from article Electromagnetic pulse (EMP)

Schematic representation of the EMP in a surface burst.

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from article Electromagnetic pulse (EMP)

Typical system protection scheme.

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from article Electronic warfare

Fully automatic land-based ELINT system, which monitors and documents the nature and location of hostile electromagnetic emitters and detects any changes in their location. (Litton Applied Technology)

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from article Electronic warfare

Metallized glass chaff, which returns spurious radar echoes. (Lundy Electronics and Systems)

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from article Electronic warfare

Bulk-chaff dispensing pod which ejects chaff through six exit pipes.

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from article Electronic warfare

Countermeasures-dispensing system aboard an air transport used in humanitarian relief efforts ejecting flares to foil attacks by ground-launched infrared guided missiles. (Lockheed Aircraft Service Co.)

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from article Electronic warfare

Transmitter of infrared countermeasures system, providing 360° protection, mounted atop fuselage of UH-lH utility helicopter. (Sanders Associates)

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from article Electronic warfare

Typical pulse repeater jamming system.

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from article Electronic warfare

Programmable countermeasures-dispensing system, which can dispense chaff, flares, and active expendables to protect aircraft from threats. (Tracor)

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from article Electronic warfare

Antenna for shipborne deception ECM system mounted on vessel's superstructure. (Hughes Aircraft Co.)

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from article Dendrochronology

Ring patterns showing complacent and sensitive ring series. (a) Climate has minimal effect on ring widths when trees have ample moisture every year. (b) Maximum ring-width variations occur on sites where growth is limited by factors that vary from…

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from article Dendrochronology

Core being taken from a tree with an increment borer. (Courtesy of Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona)

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from article Dendrochronology

Chronology building. Chronologies are extended backward in time by matching patterns of wood samples whose ages overlap.

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from article Dendrochronology

Skeleton plot (top) from an idealized tree-ring sequence in a specimen (bottom). Ring widths are represented by vertical lines in inverse proportion; that is, tall lines represent narrow rings. An exceptionally wide ring is designated by the letter…

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from article Dendrochronology

Bristlecone pines, which attain ages of more than 4000 years, form the basis for the second longest chronology yet developed. (Courtesy of Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona)

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from article Paleoindian

Location of some important North American Paleoindian sites during the late-Pleistocene Ice Age.

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from article Fossil primates

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from article Fossil primates

Carpolestes simpsoni, a 55.5-million-year-old plesiadapiform from Wyoming: (a) skeleton as recovered, laid out in approximate anatomical position; (b) reconstruction in life stance on a tree branch; elements in dark gray are known; (c) external…

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from article Fossil primates

Cranium of the omomyoid tarsiiform Teilhardina asiatica, from deposits dated approximately 55 MYA in China: (a) dorsal (top) view as found; (b) left lateral reconstruction. (Credit: Xijun Ni)

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from article Fossil primates

Anjohibe (Madagascar) specimen of Palaeopropithecus ingens (an extinct lemur), mounted in a probable habitat posture. (Credit: American Geological Institute)

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from article Fossil primates

Partly reconstructed skeleton (casts) of Paracolobus chemeroni, a 3.2-million-year-old colobine monkey from Kenya, on exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. (Credit: Eric Delson)

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from article Fossil primates

Reconstructed skeleton of Proconsul heseloni, an early hominoid (23–14 MYA) from East Africa. Known parts are shaded. (Credit: R. L. Ciochon and R. S. Corruccini)

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from article Paleolithic

Relationship between time, hominid taxa and major cultural developments during the Paleolithic.

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from article Paleolithic

Oldowan pebble tools from Bed I, Olduvai Gorge. (After M. D. Leakey, Olduvai Gorge, vol. 3, p. 27, Cambridge University Press, 1971)

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from article Paleolithic

Late Acheulean hand axes from England. (After D. A. Roe, The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Periods in Britain, Routledge Kegan Paul, 1981)

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from article Paleolithic

Middle Paleolithic (Mousterian) flake tools from France. (After R. G. Klein, Ice-Age Hunters of the Ukraine, University of Chicago Press, 1973)

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from article Paleolithic

Upper Paleolithic flake and blade artifacts from the Ukraine. (After R. G. Klein, Ice-Age Hunters of the Ukraine, University of Chicago Press, 1973)

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from article Paleolithic

Upper Paleolithic art objects from the Ukraine. (After R. G. Klein, Ice-Age Hunters of the Ukraine, University of Chicago Press, 1973)

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from article Air armament

Air Superiority Missile Concept.

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from article Air armament

Low-Cost Autonomous Attack System (LOCAAS; formerly Low-Cost Antiarmor Submunition). (a) Autonomous submunition, with length of 30 in. (0.75 m), wingspan of 40 in. (1.0 m), and weight of 90–100 lb (40–45 kg). (b) Various warhead modes.

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from article Nuclear explosion

The Grable nuclear explosion on May 25, 1953 at the Nevada Proving Grounds. The atomic bomb, with a yield of 15 kilotons, was fired from a 280-mm cannon, seen at right. It remains the only nuclear artillery shell tested by the United States…

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from article Nuclear explosion

The mushroom cloud from the first test of a thermonuclear device, code-named Ivy Mike, with a yield of about 10 megatons. Part of Operation Ivy by the United States military, Mike detonated on Elugelab island in the Eniwetok Atoll on October 31,…

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from article Nuclear explosion

The destruction in Hiroshima, captured in a photograph more than two months after the dropping of an atomic bomb in August 1945. (Credit: The National Archives)

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from article Fossil apes

Reconstructions and partial reconstructions of the craniums of fossil apes: (a) Proconsul, (b) Afropithecus, (c) Oreopithecus, (d) Ouranopithecus, (e) Sivapithecus, and (f) Ankarapithecus.

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from article Fossil apes

Cladogram of the evolutionary relationships of the key fossil and living apes. Broken lines indicate uncertain relationships.

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from article Antisubmarine warfare

SQS-26 low-frequency hull sonar, the largest U.S. hull sonar (the version onboard current surface ships, SQS-53, uses much the same sonar dome). Nearby workers give idea of scale. (U.S. Navy)

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from article Antisubmarine warfare

Variable-depth sonar in streamlined housing (fish). (U.S. Navy)

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from article Antisubmarine warfare

Nuclear attack submarine USS San Francisco. The ridge running up the hull houses a towed array. (U.S. Navy)

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from article Antisubmarine warfare

Mark 46 lightweight homing torpedo aboard a helicopter. (U.S. Navy)

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from article Antisubmarine warfare

Swedish diesel submarine Gotland in the United States on loan from Sweden to help train U.S. naval crews against the type of submarine they are likely to encounter in littoral waters. During the Cold War, the U.S. Navy concentrated mainly on the…

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from article Antisubmarine warfare

Missile destroyer Forrest Sherman. With the demise of the Soviet Union, specialized antisubmarine ships no longer seem worthwhile. Forrest Sherman is a multirole destroyer designed to deal with air and underwater threats and to bombard land targets.…

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from article Anthropology

Fossil skulls of four different species of Homo (clockwise from upper left): Homo neanderthalensis, Homo antecessor, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Each skull shows different anatomical variations. (Credit: creativemarc/Shutterstock)

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from article Anthropology

The indigenous inhabitants of Siberut Island (West Sumatra, Indonesia) are known as the Mentawai people. They live a seminomadic hunter-gatherer life in the coastal and rainforest environments of the island. (Credit: Chanwit Whanset/Shutterstock)

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from article Domestication

An Egyptian painted-wood sculpture of a man holding a plow pulled by two oxen. This early representation of domesticated animals is dated to approximately 1900 BCE. (Credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

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from article Domestication

Wheat (genus Triticum) is one of the earliest domesticated cereal crops. (Credit: Emilio Ereza/Pixtal/AGE Fotostock)

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from article Domestication

Dogs are the earliest known domestic animals. They have been used by humans to help herd other domesticated animals, such as sheep. (Credit: Dan Brandenburg/Getty Images)

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from article Domestication

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is cultivated as a grain crop. Its seed is used as a cereal and to manufacture malt beverages. (Credit: Dag Endresen)

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from article Domestication

The Asiatic buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), also known as the Indian or water buffalo, is used as a common domestic animal in many rural areas. (Credit: James Hardy/PhotoAlto/SuperStock)

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from article Domestication

Lusitano horses are a notable Portuguese horse breed. Historically, this type of horse was bred and domesticated by early Celtic peoples inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula in 1000–800 BCE. (Credit: Art Wolfe/Mint Images/Getty Images)

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from article Archeological chronology

Photomicrographs of a hydration rim of a 150,000-year-old obsidian tool from Ethiopia taken using different types of imaging. Each image is 0.125 mm (0.005 in.) in width. (a) Using conventional light at optimum focus, the rim appears bounded by…

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from article Gunsight

User's views of pistol sights. (a) Standard notch-and-post “partridge” sight. (b) U-shaped notch variant in which a left-right alignment error appears as a height difference in the gaps. (c) Trapezoid-shaped variant with white dots for alignment in…

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from article Gunsight