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from article Neandertals
Neandertal cranium excavated from Forbes' Quarry, Gibraltar. Note the pronounced brow ridges, large braincase, and receding forehead. (Photo courtesy of Clive Finlayson, Gibraltar Museum)
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Image
from article Neandertals
Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, is the last known site of Neandertal occupation, being dated possibly to 30,000 years ago. (Photo courtesy of Clive Finlayson, Gibraltar Museum)
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from article Neandertals
Reconstructed skull of a Neandertal from the cave at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France. (Illustration adapted from an original drawing by M. F. Ashley Montagu)
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from article Archeology
Exterior view of the entrances to two small Neolithic passage graves at Knowth, County Meath, Ireland, which date to approximately 3200 BCE. Graves of this type help archeologists to reconstruct past lifeways of the humans that created them.…
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from article Archeology
Stone tools from one of the oldest archeological sites in the world, OGS7 at Gona in Ethiopia, dating to 2.6 million years ago. (Top left) Refitting of flakes to a core (modified cobblestones that have been flaked). There are a variety of artifacts,…
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from article Archeology
Stonehenge monument in Wiltshire, England. The first stones to be raised at this site have been dated to about 2500 BCE. The archeological evidence supports the theory that this sophisticated prehistoric stone circle was used as a ceremonial burial…
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from article Paleopathology
Pottery figurine of an achondroplastic dwarf from an archeological site in Tachina, Esmeraldas, Ecuador, dated between 500 BCE and 500 AD. (Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog No. 449562)
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from article Paleopathology
Sword trauma that removed part of the left upper jaw and the right lower jaw so that no remaining teeth were in contact between the jaws. The adult male survived this injury. The skull is from an archeological burial site near the Stewart River,…
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from article Paleopathology
Destruction of the lower portion of the fourth lumbar vertebra (arrow), probably caused by tuberculosis, from a young male skeleton found at the archeological burial site of Bâb edh-Dhrâ in Jordan, dated to approximately 3300 BCE. (Department of…
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from article Paleopathology
The fused spine and ribs in a case of ankylosing spondylitis from an adult male found at a burial site near the Kuskokwim River, Alaska. (Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog No. 351296)
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from article Paleopathology
The effect of scurvy on the right side of the cranium of an 11-year-old child from the archeological site of Pachacamac, Peru. (Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog No. 266599)
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from article Anthropology
Fossil skulls of four different species of Homo (clockwise from upper left): Homo neanderthalensis, Homo antecessor, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Each skull shows different anatomical variations. (Credit: creativemarc/Shutterstock)
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from article Anthropology
The indigenous inhabitants of Siberut Island (West Sumatra, Indonesia) are known as the Mentawai people. They live a seminomadic hunter-gatherer life in the coastal and rainforest environments of the island. (Credit: Chanwit Whanset/Shutterstock)
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from article Prehistoric technology
Elements of stone flaking. (a) Relationship between the core and the flake. (b) Major feature of the ventral or release surface of the flake. (After I. Tattersall, E. Delson, and J. A. Van Couvering, eds., Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and…
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from article Prehistoric technology
Principal techniques of stone-tool manufacture. (a) Hard-hammer, with free-hand percussion. (b) Anvil technique. (c) Bipolar technique. (d) Soft-hammer percussion. (e) Indirect percussion or punch technique. (f) Pressure flaking. (After I.…
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from article Prehistoric technology
Potters from the village of Harappa, Pakistan, display their wares in front of a replica of a two-chambered kiln used by ancient potters in the Indus Valley civilization. (Photo courtesy of R. P. Wright)
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from article Human biological variation
Eye color is an example of human biological variation. It is determined by variations in the genes responsible for the production, transport, or storage of melanin pigment. The melanin located in the front layers of the iris determines the exact eye…
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from article Human biological variation
Age-specific fertility rates of women in several human populations expressed as births per 1000 women. The Hutterites are a religious isolate of North America who prize high fertility and are in generally good health. The “Chinese farmers” represent…
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from article Archeological chronology
Photomicrographs of a hydration rim of a 150,000-year-old obsidian tool from Ethiopia taken using different types of imaging. Each image is 0.125 mm (0.005 in.) in width. (a) Using conventional light at optimum focus, the rim appears bounded by…
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from article Ancient DNA
Ideal clean-room design. The figure also illustrates use of multiple negative controls, exposed to different stages of ancient DNA preparation, for monitoring contamination. EDTA = ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid; PK = proteinase K.
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from article Ancient DNA
Progressive spiking of a positive polymerase chain reaction control for assessing the degree of PCR inhibition. At 10 μL, amplification of control is completely inhibited.
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from article Ancient DNA
Comparison of PCR amplification strategy for contemporary versus ancient DNA. (a) In a long strand of contemporary DNA, only two primers (bent arrows) are necessary to amplify the entire region of interest. (b) Because ancient DNA is so fragmented,…
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from article Ancient DNA
Possible model in which the ancient DNA results from a Neanderthal (1856) and a 60,000-year-old modern human from Australia (LM3) are both consistent with a unified replacement hypothesis. X represents mtDNA lineage extinction, either through…
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from article Stone tool origins
Potential functions of Oldowan and early Acheulean stone tools, based upon feasibility experiments. Such tools could have expanded the range of foods that could potentially be exploited, decreased the amount of time required to process them, and…
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from article Stone tool origins
Oldowan forms from Koobi Fora, Kenya. (From K. D. Schick and N. Toth, Making Silent Stones Speak, p. 113, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1993)
