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from article Anthropology

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Fossil skulls of four different species of Homo (clockwise from upper left): Homo neanderthalensis, Homo antecessor, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Each skull shows different anatomical variations. (Credit: creativemarc/Shutterstock)

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from article Anthropology

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The indigenous inhabitants of Siberut Island (West Sumatra, Indonesia) are known as the Mentawai people. They live a seminomadic hunter-gatherer life in the coastal and rainforest environments of the island. (Credit: Chanwit Whanset/Shutterstock)

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from article Paleopathology

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The fused spine and ribs in a case of ankylosing spondylitis from an adult male human found at a burial site near the Kuskokwim River, Alaska. (Credit: Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog…

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from article Paleopathology

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Pottery figurine of an achondroplastic dwarf from an archeological site in Tachina, Esmeraldas, Ecuador, dated between 500 BCE and 500 CE. (Credit: Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog No.…

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from article Paleopathology

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Sword trauma that removed part of the left upper jaw and the right lower jaw so that no remaining teeth were in contact between the jaws. The adult male human survived this injury. The skull is from an archeological burial site near the Stewart…

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from article Paleopathology

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Destruction of the lower portion of the fourth lumbar vertebra (arrow), probably caused by tuberculosis, from a young male human skeleton found at the archeological burial site of Bâb edh-Dhrâ in Jordan, dated to approximately 3300 BCE. (Credit:…

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from article Paleopathology

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The effect of scurvy on the right side of the cranium of an 11-year-old human child from the archeological site of Pachacamac, Peru. (Credit: Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog No. 266599)

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from article Neandertal DNA

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The geographical range within which Neandertal remains have been found (dashed line). White dots show the sites of the discoveries used to estimate the almost-complete hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) sequence of the Neandertal mtDNA. The approximate…

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from article Neandertal DNA

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The mtDNA hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) diversity found in eight Neandertals. The nucleotide substitutions and insertions relative to the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) are shaded. (Credit: Igor Ovchinnikov and William Goodwin)

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from article Neandertal DNA

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Phylogenetic analysis of the Neandertal mtDNA hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) sequence. (a) Neighbor-joining tree of the Neandertal mtDNA sequences and 2500 modern human HVS-I sequences from 43 modern populations. (b) Neighbor-joining tree of the…

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