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Elements of stone flaking. (a) Relationship between the core and the flake. (b) Major feature of the ventral or release surface of the flake. (After I. Tattersall, E. Delson, and J. A. Van Couvering, eds., Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and…

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from article Prehistoric technology

Principal techniques of stone-tool manufacture. (a) Hard-hammer, with free-hand percussion. (b) Anvil technique. (c) Bipolar technique. (d) Soft-hammer percussion. (e) Indirect percussion or punch technique. (f) Pressure flaking. (After I.…

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from article Prehistoric technology

Potters from the village of Harappa, Pakistan, display their wares in front of a replica of a two-chambered kiln used by ancient potters in the Indus Valley civilization. (Photo courtesy of R. P. Wright)

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from article Neandertal DNA

The geographical range within which Neandertal remains have been found (dashed line). White dots show the sites of the discoveries used to estimate the almost-complete hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) sequence of the Neandertal mtDNA. The approximate…

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from article Neandertal DNA

The mtDNA hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) diversity found in eight Neandertals. The nucleotide substitutions and insertions relative to the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) are shaded. (Credit: Igor Ovchinnikov and William Goodwin)

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from article Neandertal DNA

Phylogenetic analysis of the Neandertal mtDNA hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) sequence. (a) Neighbor-joining tree of the Neandertal mtDNA sequences and 2500 modern human HVS-I sequences from 43 modern populations. (b) Neighbor-joining tree of the…

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from article Neandertals

Neandertal cranium excavated from Forbes' Quarry, Gibraltar. Note the pronounced brow ridges, large braincase, and receding forehead. (Photo courtesy of Clive Finlayson, Gibraltar Museum)

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from article Neandertals

Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, is the last known site of Neandertal occupation, being dated possibly to 30,000 years ago. (Photo courtesy of Clive Finlayson, Gibraltar Museum)

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from article Neandertals

Reconstructed skull of a Neandertal from the cave at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France. (Illustration adapted from an original drawing by M. F. Ashley Montagu)

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from article Fossil humans