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from article Thirst and sodium appetite
Regulation of cellular water. ADH = antidiuretic hormone.
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Image
from article Thirst and sodium appetite
Hypovolemic thirst and sodium appetite are caused by altered sensory information from an underfilled circulation, reinforced by increases in circulating angiotensin II and mineralocorticoids. Angiotensin peptides generated from components of a…
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from article Chicxulub impact crater
Bouguer gravity anomaly map over the Chicxulub impact crater. The coastline is designated by a thin white line, cenotes (natural pits) and sinkholes are designated by black dots, and the city of Mérida and the town of Chicxulub Puerto are designated…
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from article Chicxulub impact crater
Seismic line imaging of what lies beneath the seafloor, showing the Chicxulub impact crater. The crater includes many faults that can be grouped into an exterior ring fault, a series of outer ring faults, and a series of inner ring faults. Within…
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from article Graptolithina
Sketches of portions of pterobranch and graptolite colonies showing the dwelling tubes and the constructional units of the graptolite skeleton. (a) Young Rhabdopleura compacta colony with founder zooid and first asexual bud (Recent). Benthic…
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from article Graptolithina
Scanning electron micrograph of a graptolite (Pseudoclimacograptus scharengergi) showing the fuselli (horizontal ridges) that compose graptolite thecae, and the cortical bandages (oblique strips) that were deposited on top of the fuselli (Middle…
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from article Graptolithina
Hypothetical form of zooids that inhabited colony tubes, based on a planktic graptolite. Large zooids are shown with possible oarlike swimming organs used to move the colony through the ocean water and tentacles for feeding. Also shown are two…
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from article Graptolithina
Examples of some planktic graptolites, reconstructed to show three-dimensional form.
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from article Palaeonisciformes
Mimia toombsi (Gardiner & Bartram, 1977), Late Devonian, Gogo, Australia. One of the earliest palaeonisciforms, reaching 15 cm (6 in.) long, and known by complete fossils. (Reprinted with permission from B. G. Gardiner, The relationships of the…
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from article Palaeonisciformes
Chirodus granulosus (Young, 1866) was a deep-bodied palaeonisciform that grew to 10 cm (4 in.) and lived in Carboniferous coal swamps of Britain. The teeth formed cutting blades that may have been used to crop vegetation. This reconstruction is…
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from article Speech
Human head and thorax. (Courtesy of G. E. Peterson)
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from article Speech
Action of the glottis during speech. (a) Six successive positions of the vocal folds in one vibration cycle at 120 Hz. (b) Relation between pitch and vocal fold tension. (Courtesy of D. W. Farnsworth)
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from article Speech
Sound spectrograms of the utterance “speech production.” (a) Energy patterns: A, pulse; B, periodic; C, aperiodic; and D, silence. (b) The dotted lines represent the pitch pattern of the utterance.
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from article Speech
Computer-generated three-dimensional spectral display of the spoken syllable “yah.”
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from article Speech
Speech flakes of vowels in the words (a) “far,” (b) “food,” and (c) “fee.” (Courtesy of Charles Wooters)
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from article Speech
Regions of the brain involved in speech. (a) Left hemisphere, usually more involved in speech functions than the right hemisphere. (b) A model for the neural processes involved in speaking a heard word. Arrows indicate the path of the relayed signal…
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from article Cladoselache
Cladoselache fyleri, from the Upper Devonian of Cleveland. (After S. E. Bendix-Algreen, 1975)
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from article Paleocopa
Paleocopa. (a) Ogmoopsis nodulifera, left valve; from the Ordovician of Sweden. (b) Eurychilina subradiata, right valve showing wide complete frill; Ordovician of Minnesota. (c) Sulcicuneus porrectinatium, male and female carapaces; Devonian of…
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from article Mental disorders
X-ray of a human brain (side view) against a black background. The image is transparent and detailed with soft blue swaps. (Credit: Brainmaster/Getty Images)
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from article Mental disorders
Colorized CT (computerizd tomography) scan of a healthy brain (view from above). The axial (horizontal) scan has revealed the head and brain in cross section. The front of the head is at the top. The ventricles (dark areas, center), which lie…
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from article Patellogastropoda
Whitecap limpet (Acmaea mitra). (Photo by Douglas Eernisse)
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from article Patellogastropoda
Ribbed Mediterranean limpet (Patella ferruginea). (Photo by Georgina Rivera Ingraham)
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from article Patellogastropoda
Radula of the patellogastropod Notoacmea scapha.
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from article Acanthodii
Jaws of an Early Devonian ischnacanthid from northern Canada. The upper palatoquadrate and lower meckelian cartilages have tooth-bearing jawbones along their facing edges. (From University of Alberta, Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology…
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from article Acanthodii
Examples of acanthodians from the Early Devonian of northern Canada. (a) Primitive climatiiform Lupopsyrus. (b) Diplacanthid Tetanopsyrus. (c) Ischnacanthiform Ischnacanthus. (d) Unnamed mesacanthid acanthodiform. (From the University of Alberta,…
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from article Index fossil
Three cephalopod genera forming an evolutional sequence. Their short ranges (indicated by bars) and distinctive suture lines (the area between two sutures is shown in black) make them ideal index fossils for the early Pennsylvanian Period. (After A.…
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from article Index fossil
Different concepts of range zones based on various combinations of overlap of two or more index species. (From D. R. Prothero and F. Schwab, Sedimentary Geology: An introduction to Sedimentary Rocks, Freeman, 1996)
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from article Index fossil
Potential range versus actual range of an index fossil species. Note that the actual time of occurrence at a given locality is generally some fraction of the actual range of the species because of the limitations of environment, immigration, and…
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from article Index fossil
Graphic correlation method of Alan Shaw. Note that the X and Y axes of the graphs are scaled diagrams of measured sections of the two different outcrops to be correlated. The points plotted on the graphs are the corresponding heights of the first or…
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from article Permian
Permian, the sixth period of the Paleozoic.
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from article Permian
Correlation of major Permian rock units.
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from article Permian
East-west section of the Permian System in its type area.
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from article Permian
Depositional and structural relationships in western Texas during Permian time.
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from article Permian
Section across the Capitan Reef Complex. 1 m = 3.3 ft; 1 km = 0.6 mi.
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from article Permian
Paleogeography during the earliest part of the Permian Period.
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from article Permian
Paleogeography near the middle of the Permian Period.
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from article Gastornithiformes
Gastornis giganteus (reconstruction), an extinct flightless bird belonging to the order Gastornithiformes. (Photo courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History, New York)
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from article Gaviiformes
Common loon (Gavia immer) at Jammer Lake, Minnesota. (Photograph copyright © DonGettyPhoto.com)
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from article Microbialite
Modern examples of microbialites. (a) Elongated stromatolites from hypersaline Hamelin Pool in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Scale bar: 0.5 m (1.64 ft). (b) Stromatolites found in the intertidal zone of Hamelin Pool. (c) Open-marine stromatolites…
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from article Archaeopteridales
Archaeopteris macilenta. (a) Vegetative lateral branch system bearing simple leaves (from C. B. Beck, On the anatomy and morphology of lateral branch systems of Archaeopteris, Amer. J. Bot., 58:758–784, 1971). (b) Strobilus showing adaxial…
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from article Lepidodendrales
Reconstructions of tree-sized Carboniferous rhizomorphic tree-lycopsids, illustrating architectural variation. (After R. M. Bateman et al., Experimental cladistic analysis of anatomically preserved arborescent lycopsids from the Carboniferous of…
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from article Lepidodendrales
Primitive bisexual cone of the Flemingites type, borne by Paralycopodites, with apically concentrated microsporangia and basally concentrated megasporangia containing several megaspores. (After C. A. Arnold, An Introduction to Paleobotany,…
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from article Human-factors engineering
Human-factors engineers design modern computer equipment, including ergonomic keyboards and mouse devices, to accommodate the varied physical contours and dimensions of the human hand. (Credit: JG Photography/Alamy)
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from article Human-factors engineering
Human-factors engineering addresses problems related to the design of seats, workplaces, and consoles in terms of a user's physical size, comfort, strength, and visibility. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Human-factors engineering
Cognitive engineering and the development of new technology applications.
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from article Monoplacophora
Living and fossil Monoplacophora. (a) Neopilina galatheae. (b) Tryblidium reticulatum. (After R. C. Moore, ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pt. I, 1957)
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from article Monoplacophora
Side views of various helcionellacean and bellerophont univalved mollusks. (a) Cyrtonellopsis; (b) Hypseloconus; (c) Cyclocyrtonella; (d) Stenotheca; (e) Bellerophon; (f) Tropidodiscus. (After B. Runnegar, Class Monoplacophora, in R. S. Boardman, A.…
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from article Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud, the leading figure in the creation and development of psychoanalysis, in 1909. (Credit: Wellcome Images)
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from article Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is often used by psychological therapists to treat patients with neurotic, character, or personality disorders. (Credit: Michael Jung/Shutterstock)
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from article Heterocorallia
Morphology of the heterocorallian skeleton. (a) External view. (b) Transverse thin section. (c) Median longitudinal thin section. (d) Enlarged part of c. (After R. C. Moore, ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, pt. F, Geological Society of…
