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from article Taste

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Taste buds in a circumvallate papilla in a mouse tongue with taste cells visualized in color by cell-type-specific fluorescent antibodies. (Credit: Aki Taruno/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania)

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from article Taste

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Illustration of the internal structures of a taste bud, which is composed of basal stem cells and three types of taste cells (dark, light, and intermediate). Taste cells extend from the base of the taste bud to the taste pore, where microvilli…

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from article Taste

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Lemons and lemonade taste sour because they are very acidic and have a high concentration of hydrogen (H+) ions. (Credit: Mad Circles/Getty Images)

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from article Taste

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Taste quality changes when spatial arrangements within a molecule are altered. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Salmon

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Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). (Photo courtesy of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)

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from article Fisheries ecology

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The Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) is one of the world's most lucrative fish harvested by commercial fisheries. (Credit: Ugo Montaldo/Shutterstock)

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from article Fisheries ecology

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Raceways (artificial channels used in the culturing of aquatic organisms) at Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery, Washington. (Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Fisheries ecology

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Derelict fishing gear left in ocean waters can cause the needless deaths of millions of marine mammals, fish, birds, and invertebrates. (Credit: Joan Drinkwin/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Salmon farming

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Adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). (Credit: William Hartley/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Salmon farming

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Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at a pre-smolt stage. (Credit: Edward Peter Steenstra/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Salmon farming

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A congregation of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) released from a hatchery. Investigators continue to study the effects of farmed fish on neighboring populations of wild salmonids. (Credit: Salmon Ecology Team/Southwest Fisheries Science Center,…

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from article Stress (psychology)

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Dimensions of stressful experiences. (Image courtesy of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health)

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from article Stress (psychology)

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Diagram of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The thicker arrow indicates that the feedback of glucocorticoids on ACTH is most potent. Abbreviations: ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone.

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from article Lichens

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The ascolichen Teloschistes chrysophthalmus. (Credit: Jason Hollinger)

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from article Lichens

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Cuplike lichens of the genus Cladonia. (Credit: Jacinta Lluch Valero)

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from article Dune vegetation

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American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata), which dominates coastal dunes along much of the Eastern seaboard of the United States and the Great Lakes. (Photo by Rob Routledge, Sault College, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada)

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from article Dune vegetation

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Sea oats (Uniola paniculata) are abundant on the foredunes of the Atlantic coast of the southeastern United States. (Photo by Robert L. Anderson, USDA Forest Sevice)

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from article Dune vegetation

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Bitter panicum (bitter panicgrass; Panicum amarum), which is often found on Gulf of Mexico coastal dunes. (Photo by Forest and Kim Starr)

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from article Anthropocene extinction

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The relationship between species extinctions and the human population on Earth since the year 1800. As the human population has increased, so too have the numbers of species extinctions. The numbers have been so great that the current Anthropocene…

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from article Ecology

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Egrets and herons in a wetland ecosystem in the Everglades in southern Florida. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Ecology

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Generalized trophic structure of ecosystems. Arrows indicate flow of energy and chemicals. Primary producers are largely green photosynthetic plants. Primary consumers, or herbivores, feed on the producers. Secondary consumers, or carnivores, feed…

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from article Human-factors engineering

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Human-factors engineers design modern computer equipment, including ergonomic keyboards and mouse devices, to accommodate the varied physical contours and dimensions of the human hand. (Credit: JG Photography/Alamy)

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from article Human-factors engineering

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Human-factors engineering addresses problems related to the design of seats, workplaces, and consoles in terms of a user's physical size, comfort, strength, and visibility. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Human ecology

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Shacks and garbage along a dirty river in a slum in Manila, Philippines. Human ecology encompasses how individual people and their communities interact with their particular environment. In many cases, though, humans have created polluted…

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from article Human ecology

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Burning of a tropical rainforest in Brazil in order to clear land for animal grazing. (Credit: Barry Barker/McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Biodiversity

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Global biodiversity hotspots. There are more than 30 biodiversity hotspots located around the world. These areas have experienced severe habitat losses (at least 70%) as the result of human activities, hampering the work of conservationists in their…

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from article Biodiversity

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A regional analysis of 25 oceanic regions shows that 92% of all known biodiversity falls into a dozen groups, of which crustaceans (for example, crabs, shrimps, and lobsters), mollusks (for example, snails, bivalves, squids, and octopus), and fish…

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from article Biodiversity

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Ecosystem function (a) as a positive, linear function of biodiversity and (b) as a nonlinear, satiating function of biodiversity.

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from article Urodela

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A typical member of the order Urodela: the longtail salamander (Eurycea longicauda). (Photo by Ryan Hagerty, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Urodela

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World distribution of salamanders (order Urodela), indicated by areas of shaded blue color.

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from article Urodela

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California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense). (Photo by John Cleckler, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Urodela

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The two-toed amphiuma salamander (Amphiuma means). (Photo courtesy of the Southeast Ecological Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Gainesville, FL)

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from article Urodela

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The northern red salamander (Pseudotriton ruber ruber). (Photo by Alicia Lafever, U.S. National Park Service)

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from article Thirst and sodium appetite

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Hypovolemic thirst and sodium appetite are caused by altered sensory information from an underfilled circulation, reinforced by increases in circulating angiotensin II and mineralocorticoids. Angiotensin peptides generated from components of a…

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from article Environmental management

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Environmental management seeks to provide solutions to the practical problems that humans encounter or create, including the production of garbage and waste. (Credit: Walter Zerla/Getty Images)

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from article Environmental management

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Without proper environmental management, economic and industrial development often lead to environmental pollution, especially in urban environments. (Credit: Simon Alvinge/123RF)

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from article Marine ecology

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Cross-sectional profile of (a) estuarine and nearshore and (b) coastal and open-ocean marine environments. The nearshore region, although not precisely defined, is generally within kilometers of the coastline. 1 m = 3.3 ft.

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from article Marine ecology

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Salinity structure of the three general types of estuaries found throughout the world. (a) Strongly stratified system due to high surface freshwater inflow. (b) Moderated stratified system showing lines of equal salinity in parts per thousand. (c)…

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from article Marine ecology

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Photosynthetically active radiation intensity at depth for various values of the attenuation coefficient (k). The intersection of the 1% light level (the limiting light intensity for photosynthesis) with the decay curves marks the depth limit for…

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from article Marine ecology

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Photosynthesis–photosynthetically active radiation curves for two marine plants with fundamentally different light relations. The high-light plant, which has a higher Pmax but requires much more light, is typical of high-light environments such as…

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from article Swamp, marsh, and bog

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Cross-sectional diagram representing the progressive filling by vegetation of a pit lake in recently glaciated terrain.

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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change

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Subarctic tundra and vegetation of the Denali National Park and Preserve in Alaska. As a result of climate change and the resultant poleward and upward shift of plant ranges, plants and their ecosystems may become particularly vulnerable. (Credit:…

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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change

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Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) growing in Montana. As a result of warming temperatures, this type of grass could face decreased productivity, allowing forbs to increase and making the ecosystem less tolerant of drought and grazing. (Credit: Matt…

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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change

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Modeled distribution of suitable climate space in Europe for stiff sedge (Carex bigelowii), which is an Arctic-Alpine plant: (a) during the period 1961–1990 (green color = suitable climate space during the 1961–1990 period); (b) climate model…

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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change

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The endangered western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclara) is declining across much of its range in North America. (Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Speech

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Human head and thorax. (Courtesy of G. E. Peterson)

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from article Speech

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Action of the glottis during speech. (a) Six successive positions of the vocal folds in one vibration cycle at 120 Hz. (b) Relation between pitch and vocal fold tension. (Courtesy of D. W. Farnsworth)

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