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from article Hydroformylation
Oxo process with fixed catalyst bed.
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from article Hydroformylation
Slurry process, in which the catalyst is carried with the liquid reactant.
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from article Agricultural aircraft
An agricultural aircraft applying pesticide over a field. (Credit: BrianBrownImages/Getty Images)
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from article Agricultural aircraft
Application equipment for fixed-wing agricultural aircraft. The spraying equipment is shown on the aircraft, and a ram-air-type spreader for dry materials is shown below the aircraft.
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from article Agricultural aircraft
Application equipment for rotary-wing agricultural aircraft. (a) Helicopter with spray equipment attached. (b) Dry equipment. (c) Detail of hopper and spinner.
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from article Arc welding
Fundamental connections of electric equipment and workpiece for arc welding.
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from article Arc welding
Welding arc for a covered metal electrode.
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from article Arc welding
Schematic diagram of automatic wire feed and control for arc welding.
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from article Arc welding
Inert-gas-shielded metal welding arc.
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from article Arc welding
Schematic diagram of a typical alternating-current arc welder.
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from article Arc welding
Schematic diagram of a typical direct-current arc welder.
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from article Arc discharge
Anode soot or fireball in argon. (From B. Song, N. D'Angelo, and R. L. Merlino, On anode spots, double layers and plasma contractors, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 24:1789–1795, 1991)
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from article Dielectric heating
Basic assembly for dielectric heating
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from article Teleconferencing
A typical teleconference. (Courtesy of Lifesize, www.lifesize.com)
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from article Electropolishing
Anode current versus anode voltage in electropolishing.
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from article Epitaxial structures
Matching of lattice planes between the substrate and the epitaxial layer by (a) expansion or contraction of lattice plane, (b) in-plane rotation, and (c) tilting (out-of-plane rotation).
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from article Epitaxial structures
Misfit accommodation occurs (a) between the epitaxial layer and the substrate through the presence of interfacial misfit dislocations and (b) by atomic steps at an interface where the epitaxial film is tilted with respect to the substrate.
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from article Epitaxial structures
Schematic illustration of the tetragonal distortion effect to accommodate purely dilational strained-layer epitaxial structure.
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from article Epitaxial structures
Modes of epitaxial growth: (a) Frank–van der Merwe mode producing a complete wetting of epitaxial layers. (b) Volmer-Weber mode with totally incomplete wetting resulting in an island growth structure. (c) Stranski- Krastanov mode with initial layer…
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from article Mass spectrometry
Mass spectra of creatine (molecular weight 131) obtained by (a) electron impact, (b) chemical ionization, (c) field ionization, and (d) field desorption with moderate heating. Both the molecular ion (not observed in a) and the M + 1 ion in b, c, and…
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from article Mass spectrometry
Representative gas-phase proton affinities of molecules.
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from article Mass spectrometry
Potential well of a molecule: (a) undistorted, with ionization potential I near a metal with work function ϕ in the absence of a field gradient; and (b) in a strong field gradient. Near the metal surface the external field raises the most weakly…
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from article Mass spectrometry
Use of isotope distribution to determine elemental composition. (a) Molecular ion for a compound containing one bromine atom. (b) Molecular ion for a compound containing two bromine atoms. (c) Molecular ion for a compound containing neither bromine…
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from article Mass spectrometry
Mass spectra of (a) acetophenone and (b) valerophenone, using electron impact.
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from article Mass spectrometry
Scale-expanded portion of acetophenone spectrum showing a broad metastable ion at m/e 56.5.
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from article Oil shale
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from article Oil shale
C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of organic matter in two United States oil shale samples. (a) Colorado oil shale, 80% aliphatic carbon content with 69% conversion of organic carbon to oil. (b) Kentucky oil shale, 52% aliphatic…
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from article Oil shale
Oil shale deposits of the United States. (Courtesy of John Ward Smith)
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from article Oil shale
Oil shale retorting systems: (a) internally heated, (b) externally heated.
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from article Drying
Drying-time and drying-rate curves illustrating the general problem of drying: (1) Curves typical of a layer of thin material with most of the drying in the constant rate. (2) A more general case in which two stages in the falling-rate period occur.…
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from article Drying
Equilibrium moisture content of miscellaneous organic materials at 70°F (21°C): 1, leather; 2, tobacco; 3, soap; 4, wood; 5 catgut; 6, glue.
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from article Drying
Classification of dryers, based on methods of heat transfer.
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from article Drying
Diagram of path of travel of permeable bed of wet material through a three-unit through-circulation dryer. (Proctor and Schwartz, Inc.)
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from article Drying
Single-shell direct rotary using steam-heated air and balanced pressure by means of a blower and exhauster. (Hardinge Co.)
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from article Drying
Dispersion dryer.
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from article Drying
Spray dryers. (a) Cocurrent. (b) Countercurrent.
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from article Drying
Fluidized-bed dryer.
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from article Drying
Typical vacuum rotary dryer. (Blaw-Knox Co.)
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from article Drying
Double-drum dryer with pipe feed. (Buflovak Equipment Division, Blaw-Knox Co.)
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from article Supramolecular chemistry
Schematic representation of the self-assembly of a tricompartmental cagelike architecture by coordination of 7 ligands of two different types and 12 Cu(I) metal ions: R groups are omitted for clarity on the assembled entity (right). (After P. N. W.…
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from article Beryllium metallurgy
Flow sheet for the extraction of BeO from beryl by means of the fluoride process. (Beryllium Corp.)
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from article Beryllium metallurgy
Flow sheet for the extraction of beryllium oxide, BeO, from beryl by the sulfate process. (Brush Beryllium Co.)
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from article Drawing of metal
Cross section of drawing die.
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from article Drawing of metal
Examples of tube drawing processes. (a) Tube drawn through a die. (b) Tube drawing using an internal mandrel.
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from article Centrifugation
Laboratory centrifuge. (Credit: McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Centrifugation
Centrifuge used in the development of new therapeutic molecules based on human antibodies for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases, Biotherapix, Grupo Genetrix, Madrid, Spain. (Credit: Pixtal/AGE Fotostock)
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from article Semiconductor
Energy diagram of a surface barrier as employed in an n-type semiconductor.
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from article Semiconductor
Energy diagram for a metal (left) and an n-type semiconductor (right). E0 is the potential energy of an electron outside the material, Ec is the energy at the bottom of the conduction band, and Ev is the energy at the top of the valence band. (a)…
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from article Semiconductor
Energy diagrams of a rectifying contact between a metal and a semiconductor: (a) n-type semiconductor; (b) p-type semiconductor.
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from article Semiconductor
Energy diagrams of a rectifying contact between a metal and an n-type semiconductor under an applied voltage V. (a) Positive semiconductor. There is a net flow of electrons from metal to semiconductor. (b) Negative semiconductor. There is a net flow…
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from article Phase inverter
Phase inverter using operational amplifiers.
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from article Phase inverter
Single-transistor inverter.
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from article Phase inverter
Emitter-coupled phase inverter.
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from article Phase inverter
Transformer, simplest form of phase-inverter circuit. The turns ratio is represented by k.
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from article Aircraft testing
XV-15 tilt-rotor research aircraft in (a) airplane, (b) conversion, and (c) helicopter mode. (Photos courtesy of NASA)
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from article Aircraft testing
Scale model of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner in the test section of a transonic wind tunnel. (Photo courtesy of Boeing)
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from article Aircraft testing
Free-flying scale model aircraft in wind tunnel; attached cable contains sensors and other measurement instruments. (Photo courtesy of NASA)
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from article Aircraft testing
Often aircraft components requiring testing are massive. (Airbus)
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from article Aircraft testing
Large anechoic chamber for testing jet noise. (Photo courtesy of QinetiQ)
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from article Aircraft testing
Concorde full airframe thermal-fatigue test. (Courtesy of HMSO)
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from article Aircraft testing
Aircraft explosion trial. (Photo courtesy of QinetiQ)
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from article Aircraft testing
Test instrumentation installed for flight testing.
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from article Scramjet
Operation of a scramjet.
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from article Scramjet
Performance Test Engine (PTE).
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from article Scramjet
GDE-1 test at Mach 4.5.
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from article Touch-screen display
Doctor using a touch-screen tablet. (Credit: John Lamb/Getty Images)
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from article Touch-screen display
Capacitive touch sensor. (a) A single electrode is brought to a potential +V, and the resulting charge accumulated is recorded and determines the capacitance of the electrode. (b) The electrode is still held at potential +V, but because of the…
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from article Touch-screen display
In mutual capacitance sensing, two electrodes are used. The potential difference between them is changed by a small amount dV, and the resulting change of charge on one of them is examined. In the presence of a finger, this amount of charge differs,…
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from article Touch-screen display
Optical-over-the-display method. (a) Two cameras are inspecting the surface parallel to the display, while 18 light sources are distributed around the edges. Each camera in this specific scenario has a view of 12 of the light sources. (b) Once a…
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from article Touch-screen display
Optical-in-the-display method. Looking through a cross section of the cover glass on the display, we see one light source launching light into the glass, which serves as a waveguide. When the finger touches the glass, some of the light leaks…
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from article Touch-screen display
Resistive method. (a) Cross section of typical resistive sensor. Two conductive layers are laminated on transparent material (glass, clear plastic, or a similar material), and are kept with a small space between them (usually about 40 μm). (b)…
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from article Sleep-dependent memory processing
The sleep cycle, memory systems, and memory stages. (a) The human sleep cycle. Across the night, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep cycle every 90 minutes in an ultradian manner (that is, occurring in cycles that are repeated…
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from article Sleep-dependent memory processing
Sleep-dependent motor skill learning. (a) Wake first. After morning training (10 a.m., clear bar), subjects showed no significant change in performance when tested after 12 hours of wake time (10 p.m., clear bar). However, when tested again…
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from article Sleep-dependent memory processing
Sleep-dependent integration of human relational memory. (a) Delayed inference (associative) memory performance (% correct) in a relational memory task following different offline delays. Immediate testing after just a 20-min offline delay…
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from article Tail assembly
Tail assembly configurations. (a) Normal configuration. (b) T-tail. (c) V-tail. (d) Twin-tail. (e) Uncanted twin vertical tails. (f) Canted twin tails.
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from article Tail assembly
F-35A Joint Strike Fighter, with canted tails. (Photograph copyrighted by Lockheed Martin)
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from article Y-delta transformations
Three-terminal star, or Y.
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from article Y-delta transformations
Three-terminal mesh, or Δ.
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from article Y-delta transformations
Three-terminal star and mesh drawn as T and π.
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from article Y-delta transformations
Diagram to show the pattern of subscripts used in equations.
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from article Y-delta transformations
Example of a Y that is equivalent to a given Δ.
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from article Territoriality
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is highly territorial in its behavior. (Credit: Safique Hazarika Photography/Getty Images)
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from article Shock absorber
Spring-type shock absorber.
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from article Shock absorber
Dashpot-type shock absorber. (Plymouth Division, Chrysler Corp.)
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from article Galvanometer
Light-beam galvanometer, showing the detached scale and the light source as used in laboratory work. (After D. M. Considine, ed., Process Instruments and Controls Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 1957)
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from article Production systems
The relationship between product variety and volume, production system type, and product flow complexity.
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from article Light amplifier
Three-stage eloctrostatically focused image tube.
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from article Boron
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from article Metallic glass
Zirconium-based metallic glass. (Credit: NASA)
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from article Metallic glass
Time required for crystallization of amorphous alloys below the equilibrium melting temperature.
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from article Metallic glass
X-ray diffraction patterns for crystalline and amorphous Pd40Ni40P20 alloys.
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from article Metallic glass
Radial distribution function for amorphous Pd40Ni40P20. The shaded region represents the first coordination shell of atoms around an average atom in the glass.
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from article Metallic glass
Micrographs of (a) Replica of silicon micro-electromechanical device produced by warm-pressing into a metallic glass. (b, c) Submicrometer features are cleanly reproduced. [Credit: J. Lewandowski and A. Shamimi Nouri, Case Western Reserve University…
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from article Shipbuilding
Newport News shipyard. (Newport News Shipbuilding)
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from article Shipbuilding
Section through the structure of a simple cargo vessel.
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from article Shipbuilding
Erection diagram for a tanker.
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from article Shipbuilding
Steel plate being cut to the desired configuration by a computer-driven cutting torch. (Newport News Shipbuilding)
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from article Shipbuilding
Steel plate being formed in a roll press. (Newport News Shipbuilding)
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from article Shipbuilding
Crude-oil tanker being constructed with preoutfitted erection units, showing (a) centerline erection unit, preoutfitted to contain the cargo-oil piping, (b) erection units being preoutfitted alongside the dock and aft of the ship, and (c) forward…
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from article Diamond thin films
Diamond thin films. (a) Nucleation and growth of a diamond thin film. (b) Scanning electron microscope side view image of a 400-nm-thick diamond thin film grown on a silicon substrate. (Wensha Yang, University of Wisconsin-Madison)
