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from article Exposure meter
Basic exposure meter circuits. (a) Photovoltaic type circuit. (b) Photoconductive type circuit.
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from article Donor atom
Pentavalent donor atom, phosphorus (P), in the elemental semiconductor silicon (Si). (a) Phosphorus atom in a substitutional position, that is, replacing silicon, a tetravalent host atom, by completing the four tetrahedral covalent bonds with its…
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from article Radiation damage to materials
The five principal mechanisms of radiation damage are ionization, vacancies, interstitials, impurity atoms, and thermal spikes. Diagram shows how a neutron might give rise to each in copper. Grid-line intersections are equilibrium positions for…
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from article Radiation damage to materials
Sensitivity of engineering materials to radiation. Levels are approximate and subject to variation. Changes are in most cases at least 10%. (After O. Sisman and J. C. Wilson, Nucleonics, 14:58–65, 1956)
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from article Nuclear reaction
Formation of the compound nucleus 14N after capture of the deuteron by 12C. Four exit channels are indicated.
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from article Nuclear reaction
A (d, p) transfer reaction.
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from article Oscilloscope
Four-channel 150-MHz analog oscilloscope. (Credit: Tektronix)
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from article Oscilloscope
Sweep generator waveforms. (a) Single waveform, showing instant of trigger (T). (b) Dual time base in set-up mode: sweep by A, intensified by B. (c) Dual time base in delayed display mode: scan delayed by A, sweep by B.
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from article Oscilloscope
High-speed general-purpose digitizing oscilloscope. (Credit: Tektronix)
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from article Periodic table
Periodic table of the elements.
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from article Chert
Rhythmically bedded radiolarian chert from the Franciscan Complex. Diabio Range. California; of Late Jurassic age.
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from article Adiabatic demagnetization
Entropy–temperature diagram of a paramagnetic substance, showing process of adiabatic demagnetization.
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from article Adiabatic demagnetization
Low-temperature part of two-stage nuclear refrigerator with superconducting magnets. Demagnetization of the second stage from an initial magnetic field of 9 teslas gave measured electronic temperatures of 10–12 μK. (After F. Pobell, Matter and…
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from article Reciprocity principle
Antenna system.
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from article Reciprocity principle
Two-mesh network.
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from article Reciprocity principle
Charged conducting bodies.
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from article Reciprocity principle
Four-terminal, black-box network.
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from article Cotton effect
Behavior of the ORD and CD curves in the vicinity of an absorption band at wavelength λ0 (idealized). (a) Positive Cotton effect. (b) Negative Cotton effect.
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from article Cotton effect
Curves used to determine relative rotatory intensities. (a) Partial ORD curve. (b) Partial CD curve.
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from article Cotton effect
Structural formula of (+)-trans-9-methyl-1,4,9,10- tetrahydronaphthalene.
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from article Cotton effect
Schematic representation of the twisted diene chromophore showing the two possible handednesses; the numbering is as indicated in Fig. 3 (a) Right-handed. (b) Left-handed.
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from article Parity (quantum mechanics)
Beta decay from polarized cobalt-60 nuclei. When the spin axes of the cobalt nuclei are not polarized, the preferential emission of the electrons and antineutrinos in the directions shown does not occur.
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from article Asbestos
The King City Asbestos Company mine in the Coalinga asbestos district of San Benito and Fresno Counties in west-central California. This large chrysotile mine was the last asbestos operation in the United States; the mine closed in 2002. (Credit:…
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from article Asbestos
Transmission electron photomicrographs of chrysotile asbestos (a) at 1000× magnification and (b) at 40,000× magnification, where the hollow-tube morphology is visible.
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from article Asbestos
Transmission electron photomicrographs of (a) amosite asbestos, (b) anthophyllite asbestos, (c) crocidolite asbestos, and (d) tremolite-actinolite asbestos. Note that tremolite and actinolite are part of a solid solution series and differ only in…
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from article Crystal optics
Index ellipsoid, showing construction of directions of vibrations of D vectors belonging to a wave normal s . The vectors D ′ and D ″ define the orthogonal decomposition of the displacement vector D and will depend on the orientation in the…
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from article Crystal optics
Huygens construction for a plane wave incident normally on transparent calcite. If one proceeds to find the common tangents to the secondary wavelets shown, the two plane waves labeled OO′ and EE′ are obtained. (After F. A. Jenkins and H. E. White,…
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from article Crystal optics
Huygens construction when the optic axis lies in the plane of incidence. (After F. A. Jenkins and H. E. White, Fundamentals of Optics, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976)
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from article Crystal optics
X-cut and Z-cut plates in NH4H2PO4 crystal.
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from article Crystal optics
Interference pattern from crystals that have been placed between crossed Nicol prisms. (a) Fluorspar that has been cut perpendicular to the optic axis. (b) Brazil topaz. (After M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 7th ed., reprinted with…
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from article Pluton
Schematic block diagram showing the occurrence of the more common types of plutons.
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from article Pirani gage
Diagram of a Pirani gage.
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from article Electrochemistry
Electrolysis of aqueous potassium bromide. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education/Stephen Frisch)
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from article Thévenin's theorem (electric networks)
Network and its Thévenin equivalent. (a) Original network. (b) Thévenin equivalent circuit.
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from article Thévenin's theorem (electric networks)
Network and its Norton equivalent. (a) Original network. (b) Norton equivalent circuit.
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from article Thévenin's theorem (electric networks)
Power distribution circuit and its Thévenin and Norton equivalents. (a) Original circuit. (b) Thévenin equivalent circuit with its load ZL connected. (c) Norton equivalent circuit.
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from article Thévenin's theorem (electric networks)
Amplifier and its Thévenin and Norton equivalents. Numerical values are given in the text. (a) Original circuit. (b) Circuit constructed to find Thévenin impedance. (c) Thévenin equivalent circuit. (d) Norton equivalent circuit.
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from article Thévenin's theorem (electric networks)
Circuit constructed to demonstrate Thévenin's theorem.
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from article Osmium
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from article Osmium
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from article Terrain areas
Distribution of terrain classes over the Earth. The subdivisions are intended to bring out only the most striking contrasts among land surfaces. Percentage of area occupied by each class is given in the text. (After G. T. Trewartha, A. H. Robinson…
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from article Luminescence analysis
Typical photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra for molecules in solution.
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from article Luminescence analysis
Components of instrumentation for luminescence measurements.
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from article Kuroshio
General surface circulation of the North Pacific Ocean. (Adapted from Fig. 2.17 in J. R. Apfel, Principles of Ocean Physics, Academic Press, 1987)
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from article Kuroshio
Flow path of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio extension. Broken lines show the alternative "large-meander" path south of Japan. Smaller arrows show other flows described in the text. (After Y. G. Guo, The Kuroshio, Part II, Oceanog. Mar. Bio. Annu. Rev.,…
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from article Marine biological sampling
Marine sampling devices. (a) Water sampling bottle with attached thermometer rack for recording water temperature at sampling depth. The brass messenger on the wire has just tripped the spring-loaded end closures (after S. Niskin, A…
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from article Marine biological sampling
Towed undulating vehicle system with some of its sensors. (Chelsea Instruments, Ltd., United Kingdom)
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from article Marine biological sampling
Data collected by a towed undulating vehicle along a transect in the ocean. (a) Temperature; °F = (°C × 1.8) + 32. (b) Salinity. (c) Chlorophyll a. (Chelsea Instruments, Ltd., United Kingdom)
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from article Marine biological sampling
United States Naval Electronics Laboratory box corer. (a) Side view with spade in open position. (b) Side view with spade in closed position. (c) Disengaged core box for processing sample. (After R. R. Hessler and P. A. Jumars, Abyssal community…
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from article Permian
Permian, the sixth period of the Paleozoic.
