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from article Deep inelastic collisions

Deep inelastic collision between an electron and a proton, where the nucleon is viewed either (a) as a blob that breaks up or (b) as composed of quarks, one of which is ejected by elastic scattering with the electron.

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from article Nose cone

Flow about slender body.

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from article Nose cone

Flow about blunt body.

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from article Optical prism

Optical prism, consisting of a refracting medium bounded by two surfaces. Dispersion of light into its component colors is shown. (After W. J. Smith, Modern Optical Engineering, 3d ed., SPIE Press–McGraw-Hill, 2000)

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from article Optical prism

System of two Porro prisms, used to invert the image in traditional binoculars. (After R. E. Hopkins and R. Hanau, U.S. Military Handbook for Optical Design, republished by Sinclair Optics, 1987)

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from article Optical prism

Pentaprism, used in single lens reflex cameras. (a) Perspective view, showing how the prism deviates light through an angle of 90° without inverting or reverting the image. (b) Ray diagram. (After R. E. Hopkins and R. Hanau, U.S. Military Handbook…

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from article Optical prism

Set of two thin prisms, known as optical wedges, which can be used as an alignment device. (After P. R. Yoder, Jr., Non-image forming optical components, in Geometrical Optics, SPIE Proc., 531:206–220, 1985)

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from article Cogeneration system

Cogeneration topping-cycle system.

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from article Cogeneration system

Cogeneration bottoming-cycle system.

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from article Nuclear reactor

Boiling-water reactor. (1) The core inside the reactor vessel creates heat. (2) A liquid-steam mixture is produced when very pure water (reactor coolant) moves upward through the core, absorbing heat. (3) The liquid-steam mixture leaves the top of…

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from article Nuclear reactor

Pressurized-water reactor. (1) The core inside the reactor vessel creates heat. (2) Pressurized water in the primary coolant loop carries the heat to the steam generator. (3) Inside the steam generator, heat from the primary coolant loop vaporizes…

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from article Nuclear reactor

A nuclear plant, using a pressurized-water reactor. The PWR keeps water under pressure so that it is heated, but does not boil. Water from the reactor and the water in the steam generator that is turned into steam never mix. In this way, most of the…

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from article Nuclear reactor

High-temperature gas-cooled reactor. (Credit: Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc.)

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from article Nuclear reactor

Loop-type liquid-metal fast breeder reactor. In some designs, referred to as pool-type, the heat exchanger and primary sodium pump are located with the core inside the pressure vessel. (Credit: Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc.)

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from article Armature

A rotor armature of of a direct-current generator or motor. (General Electric)

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from article Armature

A stator armature of an ac induction motor in a motor repair shop. (General Electric)

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from article Sonobuoy

Launch of a sonobuoy from an antisubmarine warfare (ASW) aircraft. (a) In flight. (b) Buoy strikes the water in a nearly vertical attitude. (c) Antenna and hydrophone are positioned automatically.

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from article Hematologic disorders

Myelophthisic anemia results from a space-occupying lesion in the bone marrow, which hinders hematopoiesis (the process by which the cellular elements of the blood are formed). In this photomicrograph, the bone marrow space is expanded, and the…

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from article Hematologic disorders

Scanning electron micrograph of (top) an elongated, flattened sickle cell and (bottom) a normal red blood cell. (Credit: Callista Images/Image Source/Getty Images)

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from article Hematologic disorders

Colored scanning electron micrograph of round leukocytes from a patient with leukemia. (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library)

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from article J/psi particle

Online data from August and October 1974, showingexistence of J/psi particle. (After J. J. Aubert et al., Discovery of the new particle, J. Nuc. Phys., B89(1):1–18, 1975)

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from article Branch circuit

Typical electrical wiring system. Branch circuits are those portions of system beyond the final overcurrent device approved for branch-circuit protection.

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from article Engineering geology

Diagram of a typical landslide monitoring instrumentation. (Credit: USGS)

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from article Engineering geology

Rock-physics laboratory instrumentation for testing triaxial shear strength. Shearing stresses tend to separate portions of the rock (or soil) mass. Faults and folds are examples of shear failures in nature. In engineering structures, every…

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from article Engineering geology

Geologic map that can be used to identify geologic hazards and for land-use planning. (Credit: USGS)

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from article Flight controls

Simplified diagram of a typical primary flight-control system, governing attitude and direction. ( After C. H. Chatfield, C. F. Taylor, and S. Ober, The Airplane and Its Engine, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1949)

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from article Flight controls

Typical airplane control systems of varying degrees of complexity, illustrated for the case of longitudinal (elevator or stabilizer) control. Similar systems are used for the other control surfaces. (a) Mechanical control system. (b) Mechanical…

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from article Flight controls

Examples of active control. (a) Active control to allow reduced static stability. Change in angle of attack and associated change in lift produce an upsetting moment. (b) Active maneuver load control. (c) Active control for gust load alleviation. (d…

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from article Blowpipe

Glassblower blowing into a blowpipe to shape molten glass. (Credit: Hero Images/Getty Images)

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from article Tin

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from article Tin

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from article Electric filter

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from article Electric filter

Passive, lumped-element filters. (a) RC low-pass filter. (b) LC band-pass filter.

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from article Electric filter

Ladder structure. (a) Overall structure with alternating series and shunt arms. (b) LC circuit whose impedance contains both a finite-frequency pole and a zero. Such circuits are used in the series and shunt arms of the ladder structure.

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from article Electric filter

Mechanical filter.

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from article Electric filter

Single-amplifier filters. (a) Low-pass Sallen-Key filter. (b) Low-pass, infinite-gain, single-amplifier filter. (c) Cascade of second-order filter realizations.

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from article Electric filter

Multiple-amplifier filters. (a) State-variable (KHN) filter. (b) Tow-Thomas filter.

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from article Electric filter

Simulated-inductor realization of fifth-order high-pass filter. (a) RLC prototype, normalized for cutoff frequency of 1 rad/s (0.159 Hz). (b) Direct active-RC realization.

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from article Satellite television broadcasting

Direct broadcasting television satellite system.

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from article Helmholtz coils

Helmholtz coils, arranged with common axis and connected in series. (After L. B. Loeb, Fundamentals of Electricity and Magnetism, 3d ed., Wiley, 1947)

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from article Helmholtz coils

Separate and combined fields of Helmholtz coils. Note the region of constant resultant field at point P. (After L. B. Loeb, Fundamentals of Electricity and Magnetism, 3d ed., Wiley, 1947)

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from article Sewage treatment

Street water drainage pipe emptying water out into nature. (Credit: Shutterstock /Brian Legate)

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from article Sewage treatment

Wastewater treatment through the secondary process.

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from article Sewage treatment

Grit chamber. (Credit: U.S. EPA)

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from article Sewage treatment

Trickling filters. (Credit: U.S. EPA)

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from article Sewage treatment

Activated sludge treatment. (Credit: U.S. EPA)

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from article Medical bacteriology

Microscopic view of bacterial pneumonia, which is a type of pneumonia caused by bacterial infection. (Credit: Stocktrek Images/Corbis)

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from article Medical bacteriology

Bacteria culture growth on agar medium in a petri dish. (Credit: Sompraaong0042/Shutterstock)

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from article Genetically modified organism (GMO)

Transgenic zebrafish cells. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a fluorescent protein first discovered in the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. GFP is commonly used as a reporter of gene expression in other species. Here, GFP is expressed by zebrafish…

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from article Genetically modified organism (GMO)

Genome editing technologies. In particular, targeted nucleases are a powerful tool for precise genome editing in GMOs. Among these tools are (a) transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), (b) zinc-finger proteins (ZFPs), (c) homing…

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from article Channelrhodopsin

Three-dimensional (3D) protein crystal structure of channelrhodopsin variant C1C2. (Image courtesy of Protein Data Bank 3UG9, Molecular Modeling Database 96737)

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from article Metallography

Photomicrographs of typical microstructures of brass (70% Cu–30% Zn). (a) Annealed; grains with twin bands. (b) Reduced 40% by cold rolling; distorted grains. (c) Stress-corroded, with horizontal crack. (Courtesy of W. R. Johnson)

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from article Metallography

Photomicrographs of typical structures of iron and steel. (a) High-purity iron. (b) Steel containing 0.85% C, slowly cooled; pearlite structure, consisting of alternating layers of light ferrite and dark cementite. (c) Steel containing 0.80% C,…

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from article Metallography

Scanning electron micrograph of polymer latexes. The acrylic latex spheres of 400-nm diameter are on the surface of 19-μm polystyrene latex. (Courtesy of O. L. Shaffer)

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from article Metallography

Electron energy loss spectrum (EELS) image showing spherical precipitates of Al3Li in an aluminumlithium alloy. The intensity of each pixel of the digital image represents the energy lost by electrons passing through that region of the thin…

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from article Plague

Plague ecology in the United States. The left panel shows how plague occurs in nature among rodents. The right panel shows how plague is spread from rodents to humans and domestic animals. (Credit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

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from article Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) 2.5-m (98-in.) telescope at Apache Point Observatory, New Mexico. The secondary mirror is visible in the center of the aperture. The square structure surrounding the primary and secondary mirrors shelters them from…

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from article Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Spectrum of a galaxy (image inset) receding at around 6000 km s−1 (3700 mi s−1), or about 2% of the speed of light. The vertical line shows the wavelength at which one expects to observe the emission line Hα for an object at rest (656.3 nm). The…

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from article Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Distribution of galaxies within 4° of the celestial equator from the SDSS. In this polar plot, the radius indicates the distance from the Milky Way, and the angle is the right ascension. The diameter shown is 8 × 109 light-years. Blank areas have…

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from article Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Map of stars in the SDSS. Grayscale signifies density of stars on the sky. Several streams of stars are noticeable. Areas in background are those unobserved by the survey. (Courtesy of Vasily Belokurov; Sloan Digital Sky Survey)

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from article Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Image of Canes Venatici I, a recently discovered satellite of the Milky Way Galaxy. (Photo courtesy of Vasily Belokurov; Sloan Digital Sky Survey)

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from article Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Hubble sequence of galaxies, as observed by the SDSS. Elliptical galaxies (types marked E0 and E6) are old, spheroidal, and very massive. Spiral galaxies are on average less massive. While some spiral galaxies (S0 and Sa) tend to have very little…

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from article Iridium

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from article Nursing

Nursing provides physical and emotional care to ailing individuals. (Credit: Fuse/Getty Images)

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from article Binary and multiple asteroids

Asteroid 121 Hermione and its moonlet companion observed with the adaptive optics system mounted on the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope [consisting of four 8.2-m (25-ft) telescopes] at six different times. The satellite revolves…

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from article Human-factors engineering

Human-factors engineers design modern computer equipment, including ergonomic keyboards and mouse devices, to accommodate the varied physical contours and dimensions of the human hand. (Credit: JG Photography/Alamy)

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from article Human-factors engineering

Human-factors engineering addresses problems related to the design of seats, workplaces, and consoles in terms of a user's physical size, comfort, strength, and visibility. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Human-factors engineering

Cognitive engineering and the development of new technology applications.

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from article Skin friction

Sketch of boundary-layer flow over a flat plate. Here, u is the component of fluid velocity parallel to the plate surface, which reaches u∞ at the edge of the boundary layer. (From J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2010)

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from article Skin friction

Skin-friction coefficient for flow of Newtonian fluids over flat plates. (a) Low-Reynolds-number regime. The curved lines are based on the solutions of C. W. Oseen, H. Blasius, and I. Imai to equations for viscous flow, and the symbols are data.…

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from article Skin friction

Skin-friction coefficient for flow of Newtonian fluids over rough flat plates. (Adapted from F. M. White, Fluid Mechanics, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2016)

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from article Skin friction

Placoid scales (dermal denticles) of a lemon shark, viewed through a scanning electron microscope. (Credit: Pascal Deynat/Odontobase)

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from article Skin friction

Pressure drop for Newtonian fluids in smooth and uniformly rough pipes. The dimensionless measure of the pressure drop, λ, is given in Eq. (6); D is the pipe diameter, and ∊ is the average size of the roughness. (From L. F. Moody,Friction factors…

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from article Skin friction

Pressure drop for power-law, non-Newtonian fluids in smooth pipes. The dimensionless measure of the pressure drop, λ, is given in Eq. (6); and D is the pipe diameter. (Adapted from D. W. Dodge and A. B. Metzner, Turbulent flow of non-Newtonian…

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from article Human ecology

Shacks and garbage along a dirty river in a slum in Manila, Philippines. Human ecology encompasses how individual people and their communities interact with their particular environment. In many cases, though, humans have created polluted…

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from article Human ecology

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from article Isotope separators

Illustration of how a dipole magnet provides separation by rigidity for a beam of ions passing through it. The higher-rigidity particle, isotope A, is less deflected by the dipole field and follows the circular path through the dipole with the…

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from article Isotope separators

Part of the A1900 fragment separator as seen during its construction at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, located at Michigan State University. The person near the center is perched in front of one of the device's four dipole…

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from article Isotope separators

Layout of the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL), which is being upgraded to the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB).

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from article Isotope separators

Installation of the high-efficiency gamma-detection and -tracking array GRETINA for use at the target position of the S800 spectrograph at the NSCL. Visible near the bottom at the center is the spherical mounting frame used to hold the germanium…

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from article Two-phase flow

Flow patterns of the gas-liquid flow in a vertical pipe.

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from article Two-phase flow

Flow patterns of gas-liquid flow in a horizontal pipe.

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from article Two-phase flow

Hydrocyclone phase-separation system.

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from article Direct-coupled amplifier

Level-shift stages using (a) Zener diodes, (b) series of diodes, and (c) VBE multiplier circuit. V1 = input voltage, V2 = output voltage.

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from article Direct-coupled amplifier

Differential dc amplifier with constant-current stage in the emitter circuit.

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from article Relativity

Albert Einstein, photographed in 1947. (Credit: Library of Congress)

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from article Relativity

According to general relativity, the four-dimensional construct of reality, called spacetime, is warped by the massive objects, such as the Sun and Earth, illustrated in the depressions in the green grid. General relativity's description of gravity…

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from article Relativity

Spacetime diagram illustrating the causal relationships with respect to an event, A, in prerelativity physics. Event B lies to the past of A, event C lies to the future of A, and event D is simultaneous with A.

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from article Relativity

Spacetime diagram illustrating the causal relationships with respect to an event, A, in special relativity. Event B lies to the past of A, event C lies to the future of A, and events D and E are spacelike-related to A.

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from article Relativity

Einstein′s elevator, illustrating the principle of equivalence. The elevator acceleration is equal to g, the acceleration of gravity.

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from article Relativity

A diagram of gravitational lensing, in which a foreground galaxy cluster bends the light from a distant, background galaxy on its way to Earth. (Credit: NASA/ESA)

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from article Relativity

An aerial view of the LIGO observatory in Livingston, Louisiana, one of two such detectors in the United States, with the second located in Hanford, Washington. Two observatories are needed to provide a cross-check against local disturbances that…

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from article Relativity

Gravitational collapse. (a) From the point of view of a distant observer, the surface of a collapsing star approaches the Schwarzschild radius Rs or black hole surface. (b) As seen by an observer riding on its falling surface, it collapses through…

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from article Relativity

Two-dimensional analogs of the three-dimensional space of the universe. At top, the sphere is positively curved, with a value greater than 1 for omega, or the ratio of the actual density of the universe to its critical density, the latter of which…

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from article Magnet

A magnetic dipole, consisting of a north magnetic pole (red "N") and a south magnetic pole (silver "S"). Iron filings affected by the magnet reveal magnetic field lines, which converge at the poles. (Credit: Alchemy/Alamy)

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from article Magnet

A lodestone attracting a metal paperclip. (Credit: neal and molly jansen/Alamy)

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from article Josephson effect

DC current-voltage characteristics of lead-lead oxide-lead Josephson tunnel junction at 1.2 K. (a) Without microwave power. (b) Same characteristic with reduced scale. (c) 11-GHz microwave power applied. (d) Expanded portion of c; arrow indicates a…

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from article Josephson effect

Magnetic field dependence of the critical current of a Josephson tunnel junction. Data are for a tin-tin oxide-tin junction at 1.2 K, with the magnetic field in the plane of the barrier. (After D. N. Langenberg, D. J. Scalapino, and B. N. Taylor,…

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from article Josephson effect

Some types of Josephson junctions. (a) Thin-film tunnel junction. (b) Point contact. (c) Thin-film weak link. (After E. Burstein and S. Lundqvist, eds., Tunneling Phenomena in Solids, Plenum, 1969)

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from article Josephson effect

DC current-voltage characteristics for a weak link and a tunnel junction. (After E. Burstein and S. Lundqvist, eds., Tunneling Phenomena in Solids, Plenum, 1969)

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