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A common medicine used to relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce fever. Acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol), or paracetamol, is a white crystalline compound with the molecular formula C8H9NO2 (Fig. 1). It is a member of the aniline family of…

A disease of the nervous system characterized by a progressive dementia that leads to profound impairment in cognition and behavior. Dementia occurs in a number of brain diseases where the impairment in cognitive abilities represents a decline from…

A member of a group of organic compounds that can be considered as derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogens by organic functional groups. Generally amines are bases of widely varying strengths, but a few that are acidic are…

A conductor whose purpose is to emit and/or receive electromagnetic waves using the bulk oscillations of electric charges within the conductor. The conduction electrons in antennas are free to move throughout the conductor. The electrons form a bulk…

The subfield of computer science concerned with understanding the nature of intelligence and constructing computer systems capable of intelligent behavior. Many activities, such as perception, learning, planning, natural language, and understanding,…

An analytical technique for determining the composition of a sample in terms of the chemical elements present and their quantities or concentrations. Unlike other methods of elemental analysis, however, the sample is decomposed into its constituent…

A neurodevelopmental condition that impairs the way that a person relates to and communicates with other people. Persons with autism have difficulties with social communication and interaction. They also can have unusual behaviors, such as…

The ongoing lower level of species extinction intensity occurring between episodes of mass extinctions. Extinction is a normal part of the history of life. Out of every 100 species that have ever lived on Earth, 99 are no longer in existence.…

Humans have used dried bovine dung (manure) as a fuel source since prehistoric times. In India, for example, many people burn cow or buffalo dung for cooking fuel. This bioresource provides a low-cost fuel as well as an efficient means of waste…