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from article Modeling languages
Systems engineering work space.
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Image
from article Modeling languages
Image
from article Modeling languages
Component diagram for car window control. The small rectangles signify that this is a component diagram.
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from article Modeling languages
Example of deep dependency structure.
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from article Hyperbolic navigation system
Typical grid of hyperbolic lines of position formed by a master (M) and two secondary stations (W and X).
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from article Hyperbolic navigation system
Individual lines of position from a master and two secondaries at location P. γ =LOP crossing angle.
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from article Hyperbolic navigation system
Typical curves of constant horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) for a master (X) and two secondary stations (X and Y). Numbers give HDOP values of contours.
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from article Taste
Taste buds in a circumvallate papilla in a mouse tongue with taste cells visualized in color by cell-type-specific fluorescent antibodies. (Credit: Aki Taruno/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania)
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from article Taste
Illustration of the internal structures of a taste bud, which is composed of basal stem cells and three types of taste cells (dark, light, and intermediate). Taste cells extend from the base of the taste bud to the taste pore, where microvilli…
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from article Taste
Lemons and lemonade taste sour because they are very acidic and have a high concentration of hydrogen (H+) ions. (Credit: Mad Circles/Getty Images)
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from article Taste
Taste quality changes when spatial arrangements within a molecule are altered. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Amnesia
Amnesia can result from neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Sections of (left) a normal mouse brain and (right) a mouse brain with neurodegeneration are shown. The dark lines in the left image represent the hippocampus, which is the brain area…
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from article Telemetering
Functions of a generic aerospace telemetry system.
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from article Telemetering
Functions of a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system.
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from article Telemetering
Functions of a spacecraft telemetry and command system, using packet telemetry.
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from article Schuler pendulum
Basic principles illustrated by (a) simple pendulum; (b) Earth-radius pendulum; (c) solid pendulous rod.
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from article Schuler pendulum
Behavior of pendulous rod when accelerated about Earth. (a) Short-period pendulous rod. (b) Schuler-period pendulous rod. (c) Nonpendulous rod.
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from article Schuler pendulum
Gyropendulum; thrust bearing provides extra freedom, necessary for gyroscopic action.
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from article Schuler pendulum
Principle of Schuler-tuned stable platform.
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from article Stress (psychology)
Dimensions of stressful experiences. (Credit: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health)
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from article Stress (psychology)
Diagram of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The thicker arrow indicates that the feedback of glucocorticoids on ACTH is most potent. Abbreviations: ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone. (Copyright ©…
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from article Cellular automata
Cellular automata connections: (a) linear, (b) orthogonal, and (c) full.
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from article Cellular automata
Cellular automata in action.
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from article Hyperbolic geometry
Examples of simple hyperbolic knots and links. (a) Figure-8 knot. (b) Whitehead link.
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from article Transmission lines
Two common transmission lines for communication. (a) Coaxial cable. (b) Strip line.
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from article Transmission lines
Equivalent circuit that represents three sections of a lossless transmission line. Each section is of length Δz, and has an inductor (L) and capacitor (C). Voltages (V ) and currents (I ), and their differences (ΔV and ΔI ) between successive…
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from article Transmission lines
Signal detection on an oscilloscope. (a) Oscilloscope pictures of voltage pulses at three locations, z1, z2, and z3, on a transmission line, successively more distant from the signal generator. (b) Oscilloscope pictures of a periodic voltage sine…
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from article Transmission lines
Transmission line with characteristic impedance Zc, terminated in a load impedance ZL. A change of coordinate system (from z to ζ) is indicated.
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from article Transmission lines
Envelope of the voltage standing wave consisting of a wave propagating from z = −∞ and being reflected at z = 0. The wavelength, λ, and the maximum and minimum voltages, Vmax and Vmin , are indicated.
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from article Transmission lines
Two waveguides, with conventional coordinates. (a) Rectangular waveguide. (b) Cylindrical waveguide.
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from article Transmission lines
Dispersion curve for a rectangular waveguide of width a, showing relationship between the propagation constant, β, and the angular frequency, ω. Here, n specifies the mode of propagation, and c is the speed of light.
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from article Transmission lines
Equivalent circuit of a power transmission line. The single-phase circuit is used to represent balanced three-phase lines. Here, R and X are the resistance and reactance (at the operational frequency), and C is the capacitance of the entire…
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from article Thirst and sodium appetite
Regulation of cellular water. ADH = antidiuretic hormone.
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from article Thirst and sodium appetite
Hypovolemic thirst and sodium appetite are caused by altered sensory information from an underfilled circulation, reinforced by increases in circulating angiotensin II and mineralocorticoids. Angiotensin peptides generated from components of a…
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from article Crosstalk
Crosstalk in a space-division system. Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4 designate impedances.
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from article Computer-aided circuit design
Four phases in creating a microelectronic chip. (a) Design. (b) Fabrication. (c) Testing. (d) Packaging. (After G. De Micheli, Synthesis and Optimization of Digital Circuits, McGraw-Hill, 1994)
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from article Computer-aided circuit design
Three abstraction levels of a circuit representation. (a) Architectural level. (b) Logic level. (c) Geometrical level. (After G. De Micheli, Synthesis and Optimization of Digital Circuits, McGraw-Hill, 1994)
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from article Computer security
Applications such as power generation, stock trading, airplane navigation, and medical care have become so dependent on computing that loss of availability becomes a serious threat to life or society. Even on a less dramatic level, people have…
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from article Computer security
Smartphone with fingerprint identification. (Credit: Anatoliy Babiy/Getty Images)
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from article Automatic landing system
Schematic of radar-beam system for aircraft-carrier and shore applications.
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from article Speech
Human head and thorax. (Courtesy of G. E. Peterson)
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from article Speech
Action of the glottis during speech. (a) Six successive positions of the vocal folds in one vibration cycle at 120 Hz. (b) Relation between pitch and vocal fold tension. (Courtesy of D. W. Farnsworth)
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from article Speech
Sound spectrograms of the utterance “speech production.” (a) Energy patterns: A, pulse; B, periodic; C, aperiodic; and D, silence. (b) The dotted lines represent the pitch pattern of the utterance.
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from article Speech
Computer-generated three-dimensional spectral display of the spoken syllable “yah.”
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from article Speech
Speech flakes of vowels in the words (a) “far,” (b) “food,” and (c) “fee.” (Courtesy of Charles Wooters)
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from article Speech
Regions of the brain involved in speech. (a) Left hemisphere, usually more involved in speech functions than the right hemisphere. (b) A model for the neural processes involved in speaking a heard word. Arrows indicate the path of the relayed signal…
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from article Programmable controllers
Functional architecture of a typical high-performance single-chip microcontroller used for control and signal processing. (National Semiconductor Corp.)
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from article Altimeter
Schematic arrangement of sensitive pressure altimeter. 1 ft = 0.3 m.
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from article Altimeter
Radar altimeter principles. (a) Ideal return power distribution, which would be observed if the signal came only from the closest point to the radar. (b) Typical distribution of average returned power as a function of distance from the radar. (c)…
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from article Altimeter
Block diagrams of typical radar altimeters. (a) Automatic pulse altimeter. Control, tracking, and output circuits may all be digital. (b) Servo-adjusted-sweep FM altimeter.
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from article Mental disorders
X-ray of a human brain (side view) against a black background. The image is transparent and detailed with soft blue swaps. (Credit: Brainmaster/Getty Images)
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from article Mental disorders
Colorized CT (computerized tomography) scan of a healthy brain (view from above). The axial (horizontal) scan has revealed the head and brain in cross section. The front of the head is at the top. The ventricles (dark areas, center), which lie…
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from article Ultrawideband (UWB) systems
Relationships between various UWB systems.
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from article Ultrawideband (UWB) systems
Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) swept-frequency signaling. (a) Plot of the amplitude of the continuous wave against time, showing it gradually changing frequency. (b) Frequency-versus-time plot.
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from article Ultrawideband (UWB) systems
Spectrum of WiMedia UWB, which uses 14 RF carriers coordinated for maximum data throughput.
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from article Ultrawideband (UWB) systems
Plots of a pulsed radio or pulsed radar transmission. (a) Time plot. (b) Frequency plot.
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from article Ultrawideband (UWB) systems
Coherent pulse integration values of (a) 16 through (b) 512 pulses per symbol increase signal-to-noise ratio with limited transmit power.
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from article Ultrawideband (UWB) systems
Time difference of arrival (TDOA) tracking, which combines multiple time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements to localize pulse origin.
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from article Ultrawideband (UWB) systems
Timing diagram of a two-way time-of-flight (TW TOF) ranging conversation.
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from article Progression (mathematics)
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from article Directional coupler
Four-port directional waveguide coupler.
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from article Directional coupler
Two-hole directional coupler.
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from article Directional coupler
Single-mode fiber-optic directional coupler.
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from article Calculators
Electromechanical calculator manufactured in the 1960s. (Hewlett-Packard)
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from article Calculators
Modern programmable electronic calculator. (a) Front of calculator, featuring liquid-crystal display, qwerty-style keyboard, cursor key, and function keys. The display is composed of 128 rows of 240 pixels each, and here shows a three-dimensional…
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from article Communications satellite
Artist impression of TDRS-L, the 11th member of NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System, orbiting Earth at 36,000 km (22,300 mi). TDRS-L sends signals, information, and commands from ground controllers to the International Space Station and…
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from article Communications satellite
Communications to and from a satellite.
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from article Communications satellite
Typical communications satellite. TWTA = traveling-wave–tube amplifier. (Credit: Space Systems/Loral)
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from article Communications satellite
Orbit periods of circular orbits.
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from article Data structure
Linear array of integers.
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from article Data structure
A stack, a linear list in which elements are inserted or deleted only at one end.
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from article Data structure
A queue, a linear list that permits insertion at one end and deletion at the other.
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from article Data structure
Singly linked list or one-way chain.
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from article Data structure
Diagram representing a directed graph.
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from article Data structure
Example of a tree.
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from article Data structure
Linked storage representation for a binary tree.
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from article Sextant
Marine sextant.
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from article Sextant
Periscopic sextant for use in aircraft.
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from article Machine learning
Machine-learning algorithms will help self-driving cars reliably handle unexpected situations they encounter on the road. (Credit: Karsten Neglia/Shutterstock)
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from article Psychosis
A colorized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of a human brain. Psychosis is a defective mental state in which there is a critical derangement of the mind (brain) involving abnormal contact with reality. (Credit: Govind Bhagavatheeshwaran and…
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from article Conic section
Four conic sections. (a) Circle. (b) Ellipse. (c) Parabola. (d) Hyperbola.
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from article Programming languages
Evolution of languages.
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from article Programming languages
Diagrams of (a) imperative solution and (b) applicative solution.
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from article Software
Software development and debugging. (Credit: Nullplus/Getty Images)
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from article Software
Example of Python programming code. (Credit: NASA)
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from article Catenary
Catenary and force triangle which keeps a portion of the string in equilibrium.
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from article Catenary
Relation of catenary to the tractrix which is its involute.
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from article Air-traffic control
Terminal radar controller's plan view display. Aircraft positions are shown by radar returns. Display is centered on primary airport with parallel and intersecting runways. Range rings are spaced 5 mi (9 km) apart. Airspace within boundary and above…
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from article Legendre functions
Legendre polynomials Pn(x), n = 2, 3, 4, 5.
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from article Legendre functions
Legendre functions of the second kind, Qn(x). (After E. Jahnke and F. Emde, Tables of Functions with Formulae and Curves, 4th ed., Dover Publications, 1945)
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from article Circle
A circle, with radius, diameter, and circumference indicated. (Credit: McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Circle
Nine-point circle and Euler line PMH.
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from article Trihedron
Trihedron and trihedral angles.
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from article Trihedron
Spherical triangle ABC formed by intersection of sphere with a trihedron. The center of the sphere is at the vertex of the trihedron.
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from article Electric filter
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from article Electric filter
Passive, lumped-element filters. (a) RC low-pass filter. (b) LC band-pass filter.
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from article Electric filter
Ladder structure. (a) Overall structure with alternating series and shunt arms. (b) LC circuit whose impedance contains both a finite-frequency pole and a zero. Such circuits are used in the series and shunt arms of the ladder structure.
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from article Electric filter
Mechanical filter.
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from article Electric filter
Single-amplifier filters. (a) Low-pass Sallen-Key filter. (b) Low-pass, infinite-gain, single-amplifier filter. (c) Cascade of second-order filter realizations.
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from article Electric filter
Multiple-amplifier filters. (a) State-variable (KHN) filter. (b) Tow-Thomas filter.
