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A harvesting machine removing selected trees in a thinning operation designed to enhance the growth of the trees that remain after the operation. The “processing head” is holding a horizontal tree stem that is being delimbed and processed into logs…

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from article Forest engineering

A well-engineered forest road and timber bridge in the Tongass National Forest in southeast Alaska. The bridge, designed to support heavy logging trucks, was used rather than a culvert to reduce erosion and protect water quality. (Photograph…

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from article Kiln

Rotary kilns: (a) single-diameter; (b) two-diameter. (After R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1973)

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from article Kiln

Vertical shaft kiln. (After C. J. Lewis and B. B. Crocker, The lime industry's problem of airborne dust, J. APCA, 19:31–39, 1969)

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from article Kiln

Interior of periodic kiln, with electrical porcelain insulators for firing. (Swindell-Dressler, Inc.)

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from article Kiln

Section of direct-fired tunnel kiln showing principle of operation. (After T. J. W. van Thoor, ed., Chemical Technology: An Encyclopedic Treatment, vol. 2, Barnes and Noble, 1971)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Blake-type jaw crusher. (Allis Chalmers Co.)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Gates-type gyratory crusher. (Allis Chalmers Co.)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Symons cone crusher. (Nordberg Co.)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Types of roll crusher. (a) Single-roll. (b) Double-roll. (Link Belt Co.)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Hammer crusher, a secondary crusher for ore, rock, and coal. (Jeffrey Co.)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Two examples of coal crusher. (a) Hammer mill type. (b) Ring type. (Penna Crusher)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Pulverizers. (a) Open-circuit type with preliminary ball mill stage followed by tube mill. (b) Open-circuit three-compartment tube mill. (c) Closed-circuit tube mill with an air separator.

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Three-compartment tube mill pulverizer, containing three sizes of balls. (Hardinge Co., Inc.)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Conical ball mill pulverizer in closed circuit with classifier. (Hardinge Co., Inc.)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

A pulverizer of the airswept pendulum type. (Raymond Pulverizer Division, Combustion Engineering Co.)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Ball race rock pulverizer for use in closed circuit. (Babcock and Wilcox Co.)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Vibrating screen classifier. (Jeffrey Co.)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Medium-speed bowl-mill coal pulverizer, which feeds burners. (Combustion Engineering Co.)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Medium-speed ball race coal pulverizer, operated under pressure. 10½ in. = 27 cm. (Babcock and Wilcox Co.)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

Slow-speed coal pulverizer of the ball mill type; classifier sorts out oversize. (Foster Wheeler Corp.)

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from article Crushing and pulverizing

High-speed coal pulverizer. (Riley Stoker Corp.)

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from article Current comparator

Room-temperature alternating-current (ac) comparator.

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from article Current comparator

Cryogenic current comparator.

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from article Agricultural machinery

A tractor pulling a multipurpose machine used for precision tillage and planting. (Credit: Scott Bauer/U.S. Department of Agriculture)

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from article Agricultural machinery

Agricultural aircraft applying a chemical pesticide on a field. (Credit: jupiterimages/Getty Images)

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from article Agricultural machinery

A combine harvester hopper filling up with corn kernels as the machine harvests the field. (Credit: Glow Images)

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from article Agricultural machinery

A harvester machine is used to drop tomatoes into a container. (Credit: Phil Schermeister/National Geographic RF/Getty Images)

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from article Magnetic levitation

Attraction-type suspension system. (a) Electromagnet-guideway (track) geometry with flux linkages between the magnet and the track. (b) Basic state feedback controller. Here, v(t) is the voltage input to the power amplifier, and z(t) is the second…

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from article Magnetic levitation

Sectional view of the Birmingham system, with key components marked. (After P. K. Sinha, Electromagnetic Suspension: Dynamics and Control, Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, 1987)

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from article Magnetic levitation

Magnetic levitation systems and vehicles. (a) German Transrapid TR07 vehicle. (Thyssen Henschel, Munich). (b) Japanese HSST system. (c) Japanese superconducting test vehicle MLU-002 (HSST Corporation, Tokyo).

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from article Magnetic levitation

Repulsion-type levitation systems. (a) Magnetic field and induced current distribution of a superconducting coil moving over an aluminum conducting sheet. Black circles represent distribution of induced current out of the plane of the page, and…

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from article Precipitation (chemistry)

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from article Active sound control

Results of a computer simulation of the sound field produced by two sources of spherical sound waves in air that have identical source strengths and are separated by a distance of 10 m. The sources are out of phase and radiate sound at a frequency…

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from article Active sound control

Feed-forward active noise control system. Elements of the system below the broken line are entirely digital, the filter H operating on the input sequence x to produce the output sequence y. The characteristics of the filter are designed by using the…

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from article Active sound control

Active control system for the suppression of propeller-induced aircraft cabin noise. The digital filters H1 and H2 are designed to minimize the sum of the squared error signals e1–e4.

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from article Active sound control

Distribution of sound pressure level (in decibels on an arbitrary scale) at head height in a 48-seat propeller aircraft (a) before and (b) after the use of a multichannel active noise control system consisting of 16 loudspeakers and 32 microphones.…

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from article Active sound control

Multichannel feed forward active control system for suppressing noise from multiple primary sources.

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from article Active sound control

Performance of a multichannel feed forward system for the active suppression of road-induced noise in a small passenger car at a speed of 60 km/h (37 mi/h). Reference signals were taken from six vibration sensors on the vehicle suspension. The…

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from article Polystyrene

Polystyrene foam. (Credit: Raywoo/123RF)

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from article Vacuum fusion

Vacuum-fusion methods of analysis.

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from article Soil chemistry

Proper soil chemistry helps a green seedling to sprout out from the soil. Soil chemistry controls the availability of plant nutrients within the soil and thus influences plant growth. (Credit: amenic181/Shutterstock)

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from article Soil chemistry

Extensive chemical weathering can remove essential minerals and elements from soil. Typically, only the most insoluble compounds remain in the soil. For example, iron oxides may persist, imparting a reddish-brown color to the soil. (Credit: Stephen…

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from article Soil chemistry

Factors influencing the chemistry of a soil solution. (Credit: Based on an original illustration created by J. F. Hodson)

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from article Supercritical-fluid chromatography

Block diagram of supercritical-fluid chromatograph. With some detectors (for example, flame ionization), the pressure/flow restrictor is mounted in the detector.

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from article Supercritical-fluid chromatography

High-resolution separation of the oligomers of a methyl silicone by pressure-programmed supercritical-fluid chromatography; each peak in the chromatogram is due to an oligomer with one more Si(CH3)2O group than the previous peak. Pressure is held at…

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from article Comparator

High-gain nonregenerative operational amplifier as voltage comparator.

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from article Comparator

Regenerative operational amplifier as comparator (Schmitt trigger). The input and output voltages are superimposed, showing hysteresis.

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from article Decision theory

Decision tree for the problem given in the text. Numbers at nodes represent time past alarm (7:00 A.M.), and numbers at branches refer to the decision mode or state of nature.

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from article Decision theory

From of a decision matrix. Oij = outcome corresponding to the interaction of a strategy (Si) and a state of nature (Nj).

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from article Decision theory

Decision tree structure to determine the subjective utility of lottery outcomes.

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from article Decision theory

Hypothetical subjective utility curves.

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from article Power shovel

Comparison of the boom, dipper handle, and dipper for (a) conventional power shovel, (b) hydraulic backhoe, and (c) hydraulic front shovel. A typical lower frame, crawlers, and machinery frame are shown for the hydraulic shovel.

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from article Magnetic materials

Identification of properties related to the magnetic hysteresis loop. Colored area is the magnetization energy lost in every cycle (hysteresis loss).

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from article Magnetic materials

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from article Magnetic materials

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from article Sewage collection systems

Various pipe shapes. (a) Round. (b) Vertically elongated (ellipse). (c) Pipe-arch. (d) Underpass. (e) Arch. (After American Iron and Steel Institute, Handbook of Steel Drainage and Highway Construction Products, 2d ed., 1971)

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from article Sewage collection systems

Band-coupled pipe joints. (a) Typical band coupling; (b) standard corrugated steel pipe band connectors; (c) band angle connector (after American Iron and Steel Institute, Modern Sewer Design, 1980). (d) Details of an O-ring compression joint for…

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from article Sewage collection systems

Diagram of a mechanical compression water stop and seal. (Link Seal, Thunderline Corp., Wayne, Michigan)

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from article Sewage collection systems

Some typical sewer manholes with standard 24-in. (61-cm) cover and frame. (a) Inside drop. (b) Outside drop. (c) Unit for a large sewer. (After R. L. Linsley and J. B. Franzini, Water Resources Engineering, 3d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1979)

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from article Sewage collection systems

Drop manhole detail. (a) Vertical section. (b) Horizontal section (A-A in part a). (After National Clay Pipe Institute, Clay Pipe Engineering Manual, 1962)

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from article Sewage collection systems

Typical house sewer connection. (After Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., and G. Tchobanoglous, Wastewater Engineering: Collection and Pumping of Wastewater, McGraw-Hill, 1981)

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from article Sewage collection systems

Typical stormwater street inlets. (a) Gutter. (b) Curb. (c) Combination; grate placed directly in front of curb opening and depressed. (d) Multiple; undepressed. (After Joint Committee of American Society of Civil Engineers and Water Pollution…

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from article Sewage collection systems

Typical catch basin with removable hood trap for cleanout. (Neenah Foundry Co., Neenah, Wisconsin)

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from article Sewage collection systems

Typical contract plan and profile sheet for sewer lateral. (a) Plan. (b) Profile; numbers on horizontal axis refer to sites with same numbers in part a. MH = manhole. Sta = Station. Inv. El. = Invert elevation. RCP = reinforced concrete pipe. S =…

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from article Sewage collection systems

Hydraulic profile for uniform flow condition, showing values at points U and D.

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from article Sewage collection systems

Hydraulic element graphs for conditions of partial flow in terms of full section. (a) Pipe-arch section. (b) Circular section. (After American Iron and Steel Institute, Modern Sewer Design, 1980)

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from article Engineering

Test firing of NASA’s 3D-printed rocket engine nozzle. 3D printing allows engineers to test new prototypes, including objects designed with multiple materials, speeding the development process and time. (Credit: NASA/MSFC/David Olive)

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from article Turboprop

Typical turboprop configurations. (a) Fixed-turbine turboprop. (b) Free-turbine turboprop. (c) Offset-gearbox turboprop. (d) Counterrotating turboprop. (e) Unducted fan, an ungeared, counterrotating, pusher turboprop. (After R. C. Hawkins, Unducted…

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from article Turboprop

Typical turboprop installations. (a) Conventional tractor-type single-rotation turboprop (Saab Corp.). (b) Unducted fan, a pusher-type counterrotating turboprop (GE Aircraft Engines).

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from article Thermostat

Typical heat-cool thermostat. (Honeywell Inc.)

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from article Thermostat

Comparison of temperature variations using a timed on-off thermostat with and without heat anticipation.

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from article Calcium

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from article Calcium

Calcium carbonate towers, called tufa, in the saline waters of Mono Lake, California, United States. (Credit: Steve Heap/Shutterstock)

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from article Bridge

Corpus Christi Harbor Bridge, a through-arch bridge, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA. (Credit: Brian Kanof/McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Bridge

Typical bridge elevation.

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from article Bridge

Cast-in-place concrete deck under construction. (Courtesy of Lian Duan)

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from article Bridge

A typical steel-grid bridge deck.

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from article Bridge

Typical components of orthotropic deck bridges with (a) open ribs and (b) closed ribs. (From M. S. Troitsky, Orthotropic Steel Deck Bridges, 2d ed., JFL Arch Welding Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 1987. Courtesy of The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding…

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from article Bridge

Typical shapes of small piers for small bridges.

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from article Bridge

Typical abutments: (a) wingless; (b) straight wing; (c) U-shaped; (d) beveled wing; (e) arch bridge abutment.

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from article Bridge

Typical shallow foundation. P = vertical load, D = embedment depth, B = width.

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from article Bridge

Typical deep foundations: (a) anchor, (b) shaft, (c) pile, and (d) caisson.

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from article Humidification

An example of a psychrometric chart.

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from article Humidification

Schematic of air conditioning humidifier.

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from article Humidification

Cutaway view of large industrial counterflow cooling tower. (Fluor Products Co.)

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from article Process engineering

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from article Process engineering

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from article Process engineering

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from article Process engineering

Twelve degrees of freedom of a workpiece.

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from article Process engineering

Three views of a workpiece.

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from article Optical materials

Transmission range for a variety of optical materials. The bars indicate the wavelength region for which the external transmittance for a 1-mm-thick sample of the material is greater than 10% when measured at room temperature. The wavelength scale…

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from article Optical materials