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Vampyroteuthis infernalis (vampire squid) living in the oxygen-minimum zone of Monterey Bay, California, at depths of 600–900 m (1970–2950 ft). (Photo courtesy of Kim Reisenbichler, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA)

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from article Vampyromorpha

Vampyroteuthis infernalis (vampire squid) showing sensory filaments and photophores (light organs).

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from article Tangent

Line L tangent to curve C at P.

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from article Civet

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from article Convection in the Earth

Pattern of magnetic stripes over the Reykjanes Ridge southwest of Iceland. (After J. R. Heirtzler, X. LePichon, and J. G. Baron, Magnetic anomalies over the Reykjanes Ridge, Deep Sea Res., 13:427, 1966)

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from article Convection in the Earth

Geographic setting of the Kurile Trench off the Kamchatka Peninsula, showing the deep ocean trench and the characteristic line of volcanoes in the vicinity of the subduction zone. The sections A′ and B′ illustrate the bathymetry normal to the trench…

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from article Convection in the Earth

Characteristic variation of heat flow and bathymetry. (a) Variation of surface heat flow as a function of age of the ocean floor in millions of years before present for the Pacific, South Atlantic, and Indian oceans. (b) Variation of sea-floor…

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from article Convection in the Earth

Global seismicity showing surface projections of all earthquakes which occurred during 1965–1975 with magnitudes in the range 4.5–5.5. Plate boundaries are located along the seams marked by high frequency of earthquake occurrence.

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from article Convection in the Earth

Map of global tectonic and volcanic activity over the past million years. (After The Physical World, National Geographic Society, Van der Grinten projection, 1975)

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from article Seawater

Vertical distribution of phosphate (PO43−) at three stations to show a range of characteristics found in major oceanic regions. North Atlantic is from a region in the central North Atlantic northeast of Bermuda and North Pacific is from the central…

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from article Seawater

Vertical distribution of total carbon dioxide concentrations at locations in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. Below depths of a few hundred meters, the distributions are generally characteristic of fairly large regions in the two oceans.

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from article Seawater

Layers in seawater in a section through the Atlantic Ocean from the Greenland Sea (right) to the Weddell Sea (left). The thick line represents depth. (a) Potential temperature; contour values are in °C (°F). (b) Salinity; contours are in parts per…

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from article Seawater

Layers in seawater in a section through the western Indian Ocean from India (right) to Antarctica (left). The thick line represents depth. (a) Potential temperature; contour values are in °C (°F). (b) Salinity; contours are in parts per thousand.

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from article Seawater

Layers in seawater in a section through the Pacific Ocean from the Aleutian Islands (right) to the Ross Sea (left). The thick line represents depth. (a) Potential temperature; contour values are in °C (°F). (b) Salinity; contours are in parts per…

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from article Patellogastropoda

Whitecap limpet (Acmaea mitra). (Photo by Douglas Eernisse)

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from article Patellogastropoda

Ribbed Mediterranean limpet (Patella ferruginea). (Photo by Georgina Rivera Ingraham)

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from article Patellogastropoda

Radula of the patellogastropod Notoacmea scapha.

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from article Cheese

Cheese being placed in brining tank (salt bath). (Credit: Westend61/Getty Images)

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from article Cheese

Cheese ripening. (Credit: Tom Paiva Photography/Blend Images)

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from article Cheese

Swiss cheese. (Credit: Tom Paiva Photography/Blend Images)

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from article Bicosoecida

A bicosoecid, Codomonas annulata.

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from article Rhizocephala

Loxothylacus texanus (arrow) attached to the abdomen of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). (After E. G. Reinhard, Parasitic castration of Callinectes, Exp. Parasitol., 5:79–107, 1956)

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from article Polychaeta

Examples of polychaetes. (a) Platynereis dumerilii antipoda. (b) Branchiomma sp. (c) Arenicola bombayensi. (After P. L. Beesley et al., 2000)

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from article Polychaeta

Platynereis dumerilii antipoda, showing the antero-dorsal end with the pharynx everted. (After P. L. Beesley et al., 2000)

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from article Polychaeta

Hololepidella laingensis; scanning electron microscope view of the anterior end with the pharynx everted. An: antennae; Pa: palps; Prb: proboscis; Prs: prostomium; TeC: tentacular cirrus. Numbers refer to the segments of the trunk. Magnification,…

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from article Polychaeta

Gastrolepidia clavigera; scanning electron microscope view of the anterior end. Mo: mouth; Ja: jaw; Pa: palps; Prb: proboscis. Magnification, 30×.

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from article Polychaeta

Gastrolepidia clavigera, scanning electron microscope view of the two first parapodia (Pa1, Pa2). Ch: chaetae; Ci: cirrus; Nop: notopodium; Nep: neuropodium. Magnification, 40×.

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from article Polychaeta

Section through a polychaete. (After E. E. Ruppert and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, Saunders College Publishing, Orlando, 1994)

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from article Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism

Schematic cross-section contrasting the tectonic setting of generation and exhumation of (a) Alpine-type and (b) Pacific-type HP-UHP belts. (Modified after Maruyama et al., 1996)

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from article Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism

P-T diagram showing (a) HP-UHP regimes and stability of coesite and diamond, (b) P-T-time paths for Dabie-Sulu eclogite and garnet peridotite, and (c) zoned zircon domains with sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U/Pb ages for Sulu…

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from article Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism

Photomicrographs of UHP index minerals. Inclusions of coesite in omphacite from (a) Dabie, and coesite pseudomorph in epidote from (b) Sulu, central-eastern China. Inclusions of (c) microdiamond in zircon, and (d) diamond + phengite in garnet, from…

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from article Barrier island

Generalized profile across a barrier island complex showing various environments.

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from article Barrier island

Sediment budget for barrier island complex. Solid lines are major interactions; broken lines are relatively minor intersections.

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from article Barrier island

Maps showing major coastal environments and directions, and directions of coastal processes of (a) wave-dominated barrier islands and (b) mixed-energy barrier islands. Large arrows indicate wave direction, and small arrows indicate direction of…

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from article Stishovite

Comparison of the mean index of refraction and specific gravity of stishovite and other polymorphic modifications of silica.

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from article Chaetonotida

Marine gastrotrichs of the order Chaetonotida; dorsal views. (a) Xenotrichula (courtesy of W. D. Hummon). (b) Chaetonotus (after W. D. Hummon, Intertidal marine Gastrotricha from Colombia, Bull. Mar. Sci., 24:396–408, 1974).

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from article Melanterite

Fibrous crust of melanterite (a common mineral) in a sample from Kremnitz, Hungary. (Specimen from Department of Geology, Bryn Mawr College)

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from article Tidal bore

Tidal curve of a river with a tidal bore.

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from article Tidal bore

Tidal bore of the Petitcodiac River, Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada. Rise of water is about 4 ft (1. 2 m). (New Brunswick Travel Bureau)

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from article Earth

The famous "Blue Marble" picture of Earth taken by astronauts during the Apollo 17 mission on December 7, 1972, while en route to the Moon. (Credit: NASA)

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from article Earth

Principal layers of Earth. (USGS)

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from article Earth

Global histogram (distribution of elevations) and hypsographic curve (cumulative elevations) of Earth's surface. (NOAA)

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from article Earth

Seafloor spreading. (USGS)

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from article Earth

Plate collisions: (a) continent-ocean plate collision; (b) continent-continent plate collision; (c) ocean-ocean plate collision. (USGS)

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from article Earth

Structure of the atmosphere. The log scale applies only to the ionization curve. 1 km = 0.6 mi; °F = (°C × 1.8) + 32.

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from article Star tracker

Strapdown satellite star tracker. (a) Mounting of system on the satellite. (b) Star tracker in housing. (Northrop Grumman Corp.)

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from article Star tracker

Silicon focal-plane arrays. (Northrop Grumman Corp.)

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from article Baltic Sea

Postglacial development of the Baltic: (a) Baltic Ice Sea, 12,000–8000 B.C.; (b) Yoldia Sea, 8000–7250 B.C.; (c) Ancylus Sea, 7250–2000 B.C.; (d) Littorina Sea, 2000–A.D. 500. (After K. Grasshoff, in S. P. Riley and G. Skirrow, eds., Chemical…

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from article Skink

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from article Food allergy

Children (under the age of 18) who experience food allergies are more likely to experience other allergic conditions, including asthma (black), eczema/skin allergy (blue), and respiratory allergy (green). (Credit: National Center for Health…

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from article Food allergy

Allergic responses (immunological responses mediated by the IgE class of immunoglobulins) can be caused by certain foods. In a person with allergies, mast cells will be coated with IgE against one or a few antigens (allergens) that, upon entering…

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from article Food allergy

Peanuts are a common trigger of food allergies in both adults and children. (Credit: Christian Jung/Shutterstock)

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from article Ephemeroptera

Ephemeroptera. (a) Mayfly, adult male, Hexagenia sp., in usual resting position (after A. H. Morgan, Field Book of Ponds and Streams, G. Putnam's Sons, 1930). (b) Mayfly, subadult male, Callibaetis sp., newly emerged from water, standing on surface…

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from article Prairie dog

Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). (Photo by Ron Singer, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Percopsiformes

Trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus). (Photo by Konrad P. Schmidt)

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from article Percopsiformes

Pirate perch (Aphredoderus sayanus). (Photo by Konrad P. Schmidt)

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from article Percopsiformes

Ozark cavefish (Amblyopsis rosae). (Photo courtesy of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Prosobranchia

Common gastropods. (Top left) Murex troscheli. (Middle) Conus gloriamaris. (Top right) Lambis crocata. (Bottom) Angaria vicdani.

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from article Ocean

Pacific Ocean, Santa Cruz, California, USA. (Credit: Shutterstock/Lerner Vadim)

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from article Ocean

Range of (a) salinity and (b) temperature in the world’s oceans.

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from article Ocean

Major currents of the world’s oceans.

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from article Ocean

Role of the winds in establishing major current gyres that span ocean basins. Gyres are closed circulatory systems that are larger than whirlpools or eddies.

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from article Sauropterygia

Ceresiosaurus calcagnii, ventral view.

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from article Hyperbola

Hyperbola as a conic section.

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from article Hyperbola

Hyperbola as a locus of points.

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from article Amblygonite

Amblygonite. (Credit: RF Company/Alamy)

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from article Phlogopite

Polyhedral models showing the one-layer monoclinic phlogopite atomic structure illustrating (a) a projection down the b axis and (b) near a-axis projection. The structural unit consists of only one layer; note that both layers shown are identical.…

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from article Zebu

Gray Brahman bull (Bos indicus). (Photo courtesy of Salinas Ranch, Carmine, Texas)

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from article Desertification

Overgrazing on North American rangelands contributes to soil compaction and alters the composition of vegetation. (Credit: Thomas Wikle)

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from article Desertification

Desertification can be accelerated by cultivation in areas better suited for herding, such as this field in Ethiopia. (Credit: Thomas Wikle)

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from article Desertification

Grazing animals have contributed to desertification in Africa’s Sahel region. (Credit: Thomas Wikle)

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from article Rock

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from article Rock

Classification of psammitic and pelitic rocks based on proportions of the three most common clastic minerals: quartz, feldspars, and clays—excluding calcilutites and calcarenites. (After E. W. Heinrich, Microscopic Petrography, McGraw-Hill, 1956)

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from article Rock

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from article Rock

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from article Rock

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from article Varve

Varved sediment in two lake-bottom cores from modern glacier-fed lake (Hector lake, Alberta, Canada) Varves collected closer to the river inlet (left) are thicker and represent higher annual sedimentation rates. The length of each sequence shown is…

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from article Physical science

An astronaut conducts a physical science experiment aboard the International Space Station involving buoyancy-driven convection and sedimentation, which as force-dependent phenomena occur differently in a microgravity environment. (Credit: NASA)

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from article Model theory

A cutaway model of the Earth's crust under the Bay Area of California, showing various fault lines (such as the San Andreas Fault), and depicting the hypocenter of the devastating 1906 earthquake.

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from article Model theory

Conceptual model of a system.

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from article Model theory

Model of a regional population system.

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from article Geochemical prospecting

Recognition of regional and local anomaly thresholds is the basis for geochemical exploration. (From A. W. Rose et al., Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration, 2d ed., Academic Press, London, 1979)

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from article Geochemical prospecting

Gold, lead, copper, and molybdenum with respect to a GIS for the northern Nevada rhomboid. GIS provides topography, geology, and geophysical background for the metal occurrences. The rhomboid is shown in all frames. Boundaries in the top panel are…

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from article Geyser

Old Faithful, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming. (National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior)

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from article Diadematoida

Two ambulacral plates of Diadema. (After T. Mortensen, A Monograph of the Echinoidea, III, C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 1943)

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from article Diadematoida

Diadema antillarum on coral reef. Spines are commonly black, but white spines, as shown here, are also frequently found. (Photo courtesy of J. E. Miller)

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from article Valvatida

Valvatid pedicellariae (valvate type) on marginal plates of Hippasteria trojana.

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from article Valvatida

Three-dimensional diagram showing the main ossicles of the valvatid arm.

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from article Turbidite

Ideal sequence of structures in a turbidite. (After H. Blatt, G. Middleton and R. Murray, Origin of Sedimentary Rocks, 2d ed., Prentice-Hall, 1980)

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from article Lidar

Block diagram of a typical monostatic system used for ranging or altimetry applications.

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from article Lidar

Block diagram of a typical atmospheric lidar system. Range to scattering volume = z; thickness of scattering volume = Δz.

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from article Lidar

Photon count profile measured with a sodium resonance fluorescence lidar.

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from article Remipedia

Representative Remipedia. (a) Speleonectes lucayensis (after F. R. Schram, Crustacea, Oxford University Press, New York, 1986). (b) Lasionectes entrichoma [after J. Yager and F. R. Schram, Lasionectes entrichoma, new genus, new species (Crustacea:…

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from article Nearshore processes

Longshore currents, generated when waves approach the beach at an angle. At Oceanside, California, the longshore current is flowing toward the observer. (Photo courtesy of Department of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley)

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from article Nearshore processes

Definition sketches for nearshore circulation cells. (a) Asymmetrical cell for breakers oblique to the shore. (b) Symmetrical cell for breakers parallel to the shore.

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from article Nearshore processes

Beach profile, showing characteristic features.

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from article Nearshore processes

Effect of headlands on the accretion of beach sand at Point Mugu, California. The point forms a natural obstruction that interrupts the longshore transport of sand, causing accretion and a wide beach to form (foreground). The regularly spaced…

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from article Nearshore processes

Sand delta at Rio de la Concepción on the arid coast of the Gulf of California. Such deltas are important sources of sand for beaches. (Courtesy of D. L. Inman)

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from article Cumacea

A typical adult male cumacean.

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from article Coronoidea

Stephanocrinus gemmiformis, Middle Silurian, Tennessee; side view of the theca.

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