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from article Messier Catalog
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from article Evolutionary computation
Typical flowchart for an evolutionary algorithm.
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from article Evolutionary computation
Traveling salesperson problem comprising 1000 cities. (a) Best-evolved solution after examination of 4 × 107 possible solutions. (b) Rate of evolutionary optimization.
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from article Evolutionary computation
Arrangement for distributing an evolutionary algorithm across multiple processors. Each processor holds its own population that undergoes random variation and selection. Occasionally, solutions will migrate from one population to another and begin…
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from article Symphyla
Scutigerella immaculata. This symphylan is a garden and greenhouse pest. (Photo by Ivo Antušek; BioLib.cz)
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from article Symphyla
Cercus (enlarged view). (Courtesy of Robert T. Allen, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Amanda Lawrence, Electron Microscope Center, Mississippi State University)
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from article Cestida
Structure of Cestum veneris.
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from article Precession of equinoxes
Illustration of the celestial sphere, an imaginary sphere of infinite radius centered on the Earth and projected using Earth's celestial poles and celestial equator. (Credit: NASA)
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from article Precession of equinoxes
Motion of the Earth's axis of rotation.
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from article Cephalochordata
European lancelet (Branchiostoma lanceolatum). (After J. E. Webb, On the populations of Branchiostoma lanceolatum and their relations with the West African lancelets, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 127:131, 1956)
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from article Decision theory
Decision tree for the problem given in the text. Numbers at nodes represent time past alarm (7:00 A.M.), and numbers at branches refer to the decision mode or state of nature.
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from article Decision theory
From of a decision matrix. Oij = outcome corresponding to the interaction of a strategy (Si) and a state of nature (Nj).
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from article Decision theory
Decision tree structure to determine the subjective utility of lottery outcomes.
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from article Decision theory
Hypothetical subjective utility curves.
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from article Rhinoceros
Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). (Credit: Lloyd Glenn Ingles; copyright © California Academy of Sciences)
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from article Ferret
An endangered black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes). (Photo copyright © Joseph Dougherty)
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from article Siphonostomatoida
Siphonostomatoida. (a) Representative siphonostomatoid mandible; (b) brachiform maxilla (after Z. Kabata, Parasitic Copepoda of British Fishes, vol. 152, Ray Society, London, 1979). (c) Representative female caligid; (d) female Pennella (after P. A.…
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from article Holothuroidea
Cucumaria, a representative holothurian.
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from article Holothuroidea
Holothurian anatomy.
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from article Cosmic background radiation
Timeline of the origin and evolution of the universe from a hot, dense state (left) to the current star-and galaxy-filled cosmos that arose over eons of the universe’s history and through today (right). The cosmic microwave background, labeled the…
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from article Cosmic background radiation
The most detailed map ever made of the cosmic microwave background, a snapshot of the universe at 380,000 years of age, obtained by the Planck spacecraft during its observing run from 2009 to 2013. Anisotropies—tiny temperature fluctuations—are…
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from article Cosmic background radiation
The 15-meter horn antenna at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel, New Jersey where the first detection of the cosmic microwave background was made. (Credit: NASA)
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from article Food preservation
Packaging operation in a biscuit factory. (©Erik Isakson/Blend Images)
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from article Calanoida
Diaptomus. (a) Lateral view of male. (b) Dorsal view of female.
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from article Ophiuroidea
Representative ophiuroids, which have a quite distinctive shape. (a) Ophiopeza cylindrica (alternatively, Pectinura cylindrica). (b) Asteroporpa australiensis (alternatively, Astroporpa wilsoni). (c) Gorgonocephalus chilensis.
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from article Ophiuroidea
External features of the ophiuroid Amphiura. (a) Aboral view. (b) Adoral view.
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from article Venus Express
An artist's impression of the Venus Express spacecraft orbiting Venus. (Credit: ESA)
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from article Venus Express
False color image of cloud features of Venus at wavelength of 1.73 μm in the infrared, viewed by VIRTIS on Venus Express. (Credit: ESA/VIRTIS/INAF–ASF/Paris Observatory–LESIA)
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from article Venus Express
The science instruments onboard Venus Express. (Credit: ESA)
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from article Venus Express
The solar wind, illustrated in lines propagating from the Sun, as it interacts with the magnetosphere of Venus, generating a magnetotail (colored brown and emanating from the planetary body close to the Sun). Earth's magnetosphere, depicted in blue,…
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from article Venus Express
An artist's impression of an active volcano erupting on the surface of Venus. (Credit: ESA/AOES)
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from article Koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae)
Koji molds and related fungi. Left to right: Aspergillus oryzae, A. sojae, and A. flavus. Top: Colonies grown on agar plates. Bottom: Microscopic images of conidia (spores). (Credit: T. Okuda/Tamagawa University Research Institute, Japan)
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from article Koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae)
Food manufacturing processes: (a) sake production; (b) miso production; (c) shoyu production. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae)
Koji production as one of the processes of sake production in the Edo Era, Japan. Steamed rice is spread on straw mats for cooling (right) and then mixed with Tane-koji (next place to the left). The room at the back is the koji-muro. (Credit: Nihon…
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from article Malacostraca
Caridoid facies. (After E. R. Lankester, ed., A Treatise on Zoology, pt. 7, fasc. 3, A. and C. Black, 1909)
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from article Malacostraca
Representative malacostracan thoracic appendages: (a) biramous ambulatory thoracic appendage of an Anaspidacea; (b) uniramous thoracic walking leg of a Stenopodidea; (c) first maxilliped of a Paguroidea; (d) third maxilliped of a Thalassinoidea; (e)…
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from article Virtual reality
The Duke immersive Virtual Environment. (Credit: Courtesy of the Duke University Pratt School of Engineering)
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from article Pauropoda
A typical pauropod (genus Allopauropus) with bifurcate antennae, 9 pairs of legs, and a well-developed anal pygidium. The anterior part of the animal is located toward the top right-hand corner of the image. (Photo by Andy Murray)
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from article Monogenea
Two Monopisthocotylea (a, b) and two Polyopisthocotylea (c, d). From left to right: Pseudohaliotrema carbunculus, Heterocotyle aetobatis, Heteronchocotyle leucas, and Heteraxinoides xanthophilis.
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from article Monogenea
Life cycles of Monogenea. From left to right: (a) Gyrodactylus funduli (note embryos within embryos), (b) Polystoma integerrimum (note two types of adults either on the gills and skin of tadpoles or in the bladder), and (c) Diplozoon species (note…
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from article Power line communication
Broadband power line communication to homes.
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from article Catastrophe theory
Cusp catastrophe surface for the response function Vab as a function of (a,b) at a critical point. Paths A, B, and C are labeled.
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from article Catastrophe theory
Paths A, B, and C from Fig. 1, with points 1–10 marked. The response function Vab has the same values at (1,3,5) and at (2,4,10).
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from article Catastrophe theory
Paths that exhibit features of catastrophe theory. (a) Path on curve C showing a jump in the response function. (b) Path using curves A and B which shows hysteresis. No change in potential energy Vab is required to go from 1 to 3 or from 2 to 4. The…
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from article Cydippida
Typical Pleurobrachia sp.
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from article Light pollution
Photographs taken at night of the same house in Goodwood, Ontario, located about 60 km (37 mi) northeast of Toronto, Canada, before and after the August 2003 blackout. At left, before the blackout, sky glow is plainly visible. At right, after the…
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from article Light pollution
At left, the former Sixth Street Viaduct over the Los Angeles River in the city of Los Angeles, prior to a light pollution-reducing upgrade to the roadway's light fixtures completed by 2012. At right, replacement lighting reduced uplighting, and…
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from article Adaptive optics
A unit telescope at the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope facility in Chile. The unit telescopes at the facility have adaptive optics systems. Part of the system that is outwardly visible is a skyward laser, emanating from the…
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from article Adaptive optics
Typical adaptive optics system using discrete components.
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from article Adaptive optics
Adaptive optical system using a laser beacon or laser guide star.
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from article Adaptive optics
Illustration of a star cluster as it would appear without (left) and with (right) the use of an adaptive optics system to increase resolution. (Credit: ESO)
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from article Cold storage of food
Cold storage of frozen food slows biological and chemical activity, extending shelf life. (Credit: Erik Isakson/Getty Images)
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from article Packet switching
Communication network with five switching nodes interconnected by transmission facilities. Information arriving at the originating or source node can be switched to the destination node through a variety of possible end-to-end paths, for example,…
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from article Pisces (constellation)
Modern boundaries of the constellation Pisces, the Fishes. The celestial equator is 0° of declination, which corresponds to celestial latitude. Right ascension corresponds to celestial longitude, with each hour of right ascension representing 15° of…
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from article Ground-penetrating radar
Ground-penetrating radar equipment. (a) Portable equipment with 500-MHz antenna and controller that displays scrolling vertical slices of the soil in real time (USRADAR). (b) Portable equipment with 400-MHz antenna being used in archeological survey…
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from article Ground-penetrating radar
Radar cross-sectional image of reinforced concrete road. (ERA Technology UK)
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from article Ground-penetrating radar
Radar plan image of mines, area 0.9 by 1 m (3.0 by 3.3 ft). (ERA Technology UK)
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from article Ground-penetrating radar
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image of buried metal mines taken from an altitude of 400 m (1300 ft) above the Yuma desert. (Courtesy of R. Vickers, SRI, USA)
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from article Visual debugging
Visualizing a list in DDD.
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from article Visual debugging
Summarizing references in Jinsight.
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from article Extrapolation
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from article Radar
Multifunction phased-array radars. (a) One of the four planar faces of the radar of the AEGIS combat system, which is in use on many U.S. cruisers and destroyers (Lockheed Martin). (b) Pave Paws radar installation. (Raytheon Company)
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from article Radar
Air Force AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System) in use. (a) AN/APY-1 rotodome installed. (b) Precision-array antenna of the AN/APY-1. (Northrop/Grumman Corp.)
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from article Radar
Block diagram of pulse radar. (a) Radar with a mechanically scanned antenna. (b) Radar with a phased-array antenna for electronic scanning. Array feed structure includes transmit distribution, receive beam forming, duplexing, and preamplification.…
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from article Radar
Effect of a reflecting Earth surface on the radiation pattern of an antenna. (a) Reflection nearly perfect. (b) Reflection much reduced.
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from article Radar
AN/FPS-16 tracking radar, a very accurate monopulse radar, operating in the C-band, installed at more than 50 sites around the world. (RCA Corp.)
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from article Radar
AN/SPS-49 search radar antenna, which forms a vertical fan beam for the two-dimensional L-band radar widely used in the U.S. Navy. (Raytheon Co.)
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from article Radar
Basic principle of electronic beam steering with a phased array. Equipath feed is for transmit or receive. All radiators radiate in essentially all forward directions. In beam steering, signals add in phase in the direction shown only if phase…
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from article Radar
Cathode-ray-tube radar display formats. (a) Type P (plan position indication, or PPI). Range is measured radially from center. (b) Type A. (c) Range-height indication (RHI).
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from article Sphere
Segment of a sphere formed by intersection of two parallel planes with sphere.
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from article Characiformes
Banded tetra (Astyanax fasciatus), a member of the family Characidae in the order Characiformes. (Photo by James St. John)
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from article Characiformes
Redeye piranha (Serrasalmus rhombeus), a member of the family Serrasalmidae in the order Characiformes. [Photo from T. P. Carvalho et al., Fishes from the upper Yuruá river, Amazon basin, Peru, Check List, 5(3):673–691, 2009]
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from article Characiformes
Spotfin hatchetfish (Thoracocharax stellatus), a member of the family Gasteropelecidae in the order Characiformes. [Photo from T. P. Carvalho et al., Fishes from the upper Yuruá river, Amazon basin, Peru, Check List, 5(3):673–691, 2009]
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from article Lamniformes
Representatives of the seven Lamniformes families. (a) Odontaspididae. (b) Mitsukurinidae. (c) Pseudocarchariidae. (d) Megachasmidae. (e) Alopiidae. (f) Cetorhinidae. (g) Lamnidae. (Illustration courtesy of J. S. Nelson, Fishes of the World, 4th…
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from article Lamniformes
Smalltooth sand tiger shark (Odontaspis ferox), a member of the family Odontaspididae in the order Lamniformes. (Photo courtesy of Ocean Explorer, Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
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from article Agile methods in software engineering
Agile software engineering team. When agile methods were first proposed, many developers thought they were nothing more than an excuse to avoid the discipline and effort of traditional software engineering. Time has shown that agile methods require…
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from article Scorpaeniformes
Stonefish (Synanceia verrucosa). (Photo copyright © John E. Randall)
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from article Scorpaeniformes
Cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus), a type of sculpin belonging to the family Cottidae (order Scorpaeniformes). (Photo by Chad King, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
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from article Digital image processing
Computer vision application to find and identify hands. In this image, the hand, the fingers, and the joints have been identified.
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from article Digital image processing
Digital image processing can be separated into computer vision and human vision applications, with image analysis being important in both application areas.
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from article Digital image processing
Color image representation. A color image pixel consists of the red, green, and blue values. A color image is created by combining the red, green, and blue images.
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from article Digital image processing
Tools to aid in image analysis include segmentation and edge detection. (a) An original image. (b) The image after segmentation. (c) The image after edge detection.
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from article Digital image processing
Contrast enhancement can have a dramatic improvement on an image. (a) Poor-contrast image. (b) Contrast-enhanced image.
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from article Digital image processing
Image sharpening can bring out much more detail in an image. (a) Original image. (b) Image after the sharpening process.
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from article Modem
Signal conversion performed by modems. A modem converts a digital signal to an analog tone (modulation) and reconverts the analog tone into its original digital signal (demodulation).
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from article Modem
Use of modulation to encode a digital data stream into analog signals. (a) Amplitude modulation. (b) Frequency-shift keying, a type of frequency modulation. (c) Phase modulation. The bottom wave is 180° out of phase with a normal sine wave…
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from article Modem
Early version of quadrature amplitude modulation that produced 16 signal states from a combination of 12 phases (represented by angles of lines with respect to the phase reference signal) and 3 amplitude levels (represented by radial distances of…
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from article Numerical representation (computers)
Representation of a byte in computer storage.
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from article Crocodylia
A typical crocodile belonging to the order Crocodylia. (Photo by Nicholas Smith)
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from article Crocodylia
Sagittal section of a crocodylian head showing the secondary palate and air passage.
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from article Crocodylia
Comparative lateral view of crocodylian snouts showing the tooth arrangement of (a) crocodiles and gavials and (b) alligators and caimans.
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from article Crocodylia
Dorsal view of crocodylian heads.
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from article Radio
Transmission of audio information by radio.
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from article Radio
Methods for transmission of information.
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from article Lemniscate of Bernoulli
Curve known as a lemniscate.
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from article Trichoptera
Caddisfly cases. (a) Glossosomatidae. (b) Hydroptilidae. (c) Helicopsychidae. (d) Sericostomatidae. (e) Phryganeidae. (f) Leptoceridae. (g) Limnephilidae. (h) Apataniidae. (i) Limnephilidae. (j) Goeridae. (k) Brachycentridae. (l) Calamoceratidae.…
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from article Trichoptera
Caddisfly life stages. (a) Larva (Limnephilidae). (b) Pupa (Leptoceridae). (c) Adult (Limnephilidae).
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from article Trichoptera
Caddisfly head and mouthparts (Phryganeidae).
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from article Buckwheat
Fruits (so-called seeds) of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). (Photo by Steve Hurst, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Buckwheat
Flowers and leaves of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). (Photo by Leo Michels)
