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from article Ohmmeter
Electronic digital ohmmeter. (Tinsley)
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from article Ohmmeter
Diagram of ohmmeter, showing operating principles. C1, C2 = current terminals; P1, P2 = potential terminals.
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from article Ohmmeter
Special measuring probes (Kelvin clips), consisting of a set of leads with combined current probes (C1, C2) and potential probes (P1, P2).
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from article Cavity resonator
Closed-end sound pipe resonating (a) at the fundamental frequency f1 (the first harmonic) with wavelength λ1, and (b) at an overtone, f3 ≈ 3f1 (the third harmonic), with wavelength λ3.
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from article Cavity resonator
Wavemeters. (a) Wavemeter consisting of cylindrical cavity with an adjustable end-wall, resonating in the TE011 mode. The free-space wavelength λ0 corresponding to the resonant frequency f0 is given by λ0 = 2L[1 + (2L/1.64a)]− 1 2 . (b) Practical…
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from article Cavity resonator
Determination of the Q of a cavity resonator by (a) measuring the bandwidth and (b) measuring the damping rate of the oscillations.
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from article Lens (optics)
Refraction of light waves demonstrated by the disjointed appearance of a spoon entering a bowl of water, as well as the transposition of background colors due to the bowl's curvature. (Credit: Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Lens (optics)
Illustration of a standard concave lens (left) that acts as a diverging lens and a standard convex lens (right) that acts as a converging lens.
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from article Mixing
Typical impeller-type liquid mixer. (After V. W. Uhl and J. B. Gray, Mixing: Theory and Practice, vol. 2, Academic Press, 1967)
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from article Mixing
Effect of impeller size and speed on flow and turbulence (shear) at constant power.
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from article Mixing
Common impellers. (a) Marine-type mixing propeller. (b) Axial-flow (pitched-blade) turbine. (c) Flat-blade (Rushton) turbine. (After R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, eds., Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1973)
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from article Mixing
Swirling flow pattern for impeller of any shape, without baffles. (a) Side view. (b) Bottom view.
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from article Mixing
Flow patterns with baffles. (a) Flow pattern for propeller with baffles at tank wall. (b) Flow pattern for turbine with baffles at tank wall.
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from article Mixing
Flow pattern for top-entering, off-center propeller without baffles: (a) front, (b) top, and (c) side views.
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from article Mixing
Side-entering propeller mixer position. With proper propeller position, no vortex will result.
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from article Mixing
Ribbon turbine with double spiral, for high-viscosity liquids.
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from article Mixing
Coexistence of (a) chaotic and (b) nonchaotic mixing in a duct-type flow.
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from article Mixing
Unmixing of particles of two different sizes in a rotating tumbler operating in a time periodic mode.
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from article Pyroclastic rock
Pyroclastic rock. Bombs from Mauna Kea, Hawai'i, USA. (Credit: J. P. Lockwood/USGS Photo Library, Denver, CO)
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from article Pyroclastic rock
Distribution downwind of the pyroclastic fall deposit from the climactic eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, on May 18, 1980. The contours (isopachs) are drawn through points of measured equal thickness (in centimeters) of this ash layer.…
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from article Pyroclastic rock
Aerial view in March 1998 of the fan-shaped pyroclastic delta formed by repeated entries of pyroclastic flows and surges into the Caribbean Sea during the Soufrière Hills Volcano eruption in 1996–1997. (Credit: R.P. Hoblitt, USGS)
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from article Pyroclastic rock
Observed or postulated mechanisms for the generation of pyroclastic flow and surge deposits. (a, b) Mechanisms that commonly produce block-and-ash flow deposits. (b, c) Mechanisms that trigger laterally directed blasts. (d–f) Mechanisms that…
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from article Pyroclastic rock
Some variations in pyroclastic rock formations. (a) Layers of pyroclastic fall deposits from the eruption plume of the June 15, 1991, explosive eruption of Mount Pinatubo (Luzon, Philippines). This exposure, located about 9 km (5.5 mi) southeast of…
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from article Electric power generation
Coal-fired electric power plant. (Credit: mrclark321/Getty Images)
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from article Electric power generation
Steam power plant flow diagram.
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from article Electric power generation
Gas turbine plant flow diagram.
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from article Electric power generation
Cross section of a hydroelectric powerhouse. Arrangement is typical for an adjustable propeller-type reaction turbine. The intake and powerhouse are integral; waterways consist of intake, scroll case, and draft tube. Turbine and generator are set…
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from article Dewar flask
Two typical Dewar containers.
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from article Solution mining
Solution mining of a subsurface evaporite deposit. Mining is normally initiated at the bottom of the deposit and retreats vertically, leaving a mined-out cavity. Saturated brine is heavier (denser), and is recovered from the bottom of the cavity.…
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from article Solution mining
Forced-air ventilation of sulfide ore heaps during biooxidation.
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from article Solution mining
Sulfur production well in a Gulf Coast salt dome deposit. (a) Superheated water is pumped down the inner and outer casing strings. (b) Molten sulfur enters inner casing string. (c) Sulfur is jetted to the surface as a result of compressed air being…
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from article Assessing risks from nanomaterials
The size and scale of nanomaterials. The novel properties of materials with at least one dimension smaller than 100 nanometers can cause them to behave differently from their bulk counterparts. (Credit: National Nanotechnology Initiative)
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from article Assessing risks from nanomaterials
Comprehensive environmental assessment (CEA) structure.
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from article Propagator (field theory)
Feynman diagrams for scattering processes. (a) Electron-proton scattering via photon exchange. (b) Proton-proton scattering via meson exchange.
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from article Conservation of energy
The conservation of energy allows energy to be interconverted among many different forms. In the use of wind power, for example, the kinetic energy of wind (movements of air) can be converted by turbine blades into electrical energy. (Credit: Ron…
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from article Electrical units and standards
Calculable capacitor. (a) Cross section of general cylindrical capacitor with four segments. (b) Cross section of symmetrical capacitor with cylindrical electrodes. (c) Calculable capacitor used in absolute determination of the ohm. (U.S. National…
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from article Electrical units and standards
Moving-coil balance. (a) Schematic diagram. (b) Equipment. (U.K. National Physical Laboratory)
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from article Electrical units and standards
Josephson effect. (a) Josephson junction characteristic. (b) Linear array of more than 2000 Josephson junctions in a folded microwave stripline, giving a total voltage step in the region of 1 volt. (U.S. National Institute of Standards and…
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from article Electrical units and standards
Quantum Hall effect. (a) Geometry of semiconductor. (b) Hall resistance characteristic. i = quantum number.
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from article Computer-integrated manufacturing
Diagram of the architecture of manufacturing.
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from article Computer-integrated manufacturing
Organization of a production cell network for computer-integrated manufacturing. Ethernet, Arcnet, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), and Canbus are international standards for communication.
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from article Earth's interior
Speculative models of the interiors of the terrestrial planets. All are rocky, divided into a crust (not shown here), mantle, and metallic core. (After R. T. Merrill and M. W. McElhinny, The Earth's Magnetic Field, Academic Press, 1983)
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from article Earth's interior
Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) for P- and S-wave velocities, vp and vs, and density ρ. In the part of the upper mantle where the model is anisotropic, velocities are given in both the vertical and horizontal direction. The broken lines…
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from article Earth's interior
Variations of gravity and pressure inside the Earth. 1 m = 3.3 ft. 1 megabar = 100 GPa. (After P. Melchior, The Physics of the Earth's Core, Pergamon Press, 1986)
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from article Earth's interior
Density versus depth for several mantle constituents along the 1400°C (2552°F) adiabat. Data points show the density variation of PREM. All three constituents shown here contain magnesium-rich silicates. (After D. L. Anderson, Where on Earth is the…
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from article Earth's interior
P-wave velocity anomalies above the core–mantle boundary in terms of spherical harmonics up to degree and order 6, obtained by inverting P-wave travel time data. Positive perturbations indicate faster-than-average material. Contour interval = 25…
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from article Earth's interior
Speculative, schematic model of the core–mantle boundary layer. A heterogeneous chemical boundary layer is embedded in a thermal boundary layer. Large-scale mantle circulation transports chemical heterogeneity to the base of the mantle as well as…
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from article Earth's interior
Schematic temperature profile of the mantle. Subsequent estimates of core temperature are higher than suggested in the figure; the temperature jump across the thermal boundary layer at the base of the mantle will then be correspondingly higher. °F =…
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from article Earth's interior
Schematic temperature profile of the core. The melting-point curve for the core is substantially below the melting point of pure iron. All temperatures may have to be raised to correspond with further estimates of the melting point of iron. °F = (K…
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from article Earth's interior
Contour plots of the radial component of the magnetic field at the core–mantle boundary (a) for the year 1715 and (b) for 1980. The contour interval is 100 microteslas; solid-line contours represent flux into the core, and broken-line contours…
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from article Triple point
Phase diagram for water, showing gas, liquid, and several solid (ice) phases; triple points at A, B, and C. The pressure scale changes at 101 kilopascals from logarithmic scale at low pressure to linear at high pressure.
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from article Glass switch
OTS current-voltage characteristics.
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from article Glass switch
OMS current-voltage characteristics.
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from article Distillation column
Elements of a distillation column.
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from article Distillation column
Contacting devices for fractionating column.
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Ablative indirect drive and ablative direct drive. (a) In laser-illuminated, ablative indirect drive, the ICF target consists of a cylindrical hohlraum (hollow room) in which laser light is injected through the two holes in the end caps and heats…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
X-ray images with a framing camera (developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) from a directly driven inertial confinement fusion capsule at the University of Rochester's Omega Facility. The camera has 80-ps exposure time and 55-ps time…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Deuterium–tritium fuel ion temperature and density at ignition, plotted against normalized radius, for a typical high-gain capsule.
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Its driver is the world's largest laser. The 1.8 MJ of ultraviolet light (351-nm wavelength from frequency-tripled neodymium:glass laser light) is generated with…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Progress toward ignition on NIF is illustrated by the plot of no-burn D–T equivalent yield in number of neutrons versus the value of ρr inferred from the energy lost by fusion neutrons during passage out of the compressed fuel. These experiments…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
View of the combined Z Machine and Z-Beamlet laser facility (lower left) with exploded view of the cross section of the Z Machine (upper left). Both will be used to drive the MagLIF capsule (right) at Sandia National Laboratories. The 10-kJ…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Computed capsule gains (energy yield divided by absorbed energy) from 1D simulations of the principal (radial) dynamics for ablative direct drive of a perfect capsule, which is irradiated by either 248-nm laser light or 351-nm laser light with…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Electra, an ∼500 J/pulse, electron-beam pumped KrF laser at the Naval Research Laboratory. It has achieved 90,000 shots in a continuous run and 330,000 shots in 8 days at 2.5–5 Hz.
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Conceptual design of the X-target. (Credit: Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory)
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from article Governor
Ballhead governor.
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from article Governor
Isochronous governor.
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from article Governor
Hydraulic governor.
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from article Governor
Isochronous dashpot governor.
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from article Governor
Governor with force feedback.
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from article Governor
Two-way valve-differential servomotor.
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from article Renner-Teller effect
Bending potential function V for a degenerate electronic state of a linear molecule as a function of displacement r, and for three values (0, 0.5, 1.0) of the Renner parameter ε. In the absence of Renner-Teller splitting (ε = 0) there is a single…
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from article Capacitance
Parallel-plate capacitor P1, P2 with guard ring GG. Spacing between guard ring and plate is exaggerated. (a) Cross section with all parts of capacitor at ground potential. (b) Top view showing plate P1 surrounded by guard ring. (c) Cross section of…
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from article Capacitance
Variable air capacitor.
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from article Capacitance
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from article Capacitance
Wound-roll construction of plastic film and paper capacitors.
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from article Capacitance
Ceramic capacitor constructed in chip form, showing cutaway of finished chip.
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from article Capacitance
Tantalum electrolytic capacitor showing cross section. (General Electric Co.)
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from article Capacitance
Construction and polarity markings of aluminum electrolytic capacitor. (a) Cross section. (b Polarization markings for tabular capacitor with axial leads. (c) Polarization markings for capacitor with radial leads. (After A. Mottershead, Electricity…
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from article Capacitance
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from article Hybrid control
Ignition timing maps. (a) Mechanical advance system. (b) Electronically optimized system. (After R. K. Jurgen, ed., Automotive Electronics Handbook, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1999)
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from article Pigment (material)
Various colored pigments. (Credit: Leontura/Getty Images)
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from article Laser alloying
Sequence of schematic cross sections for laser alloying, with time increasing from a to f. AxxB1−x represents surface alloy (with composition fixed by x) of film elements A in substrate elements B.
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from article Laser alloying
Schematic drawings and enlarged views of material processing for (a) continuous and (b) pulsed or Q-switched laser system. deff = diameter of melt spot or melt strip; Vx = velocity of sample movement in x direction; dx, dy = displacement between…
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from article Hydrological consequences of global warming
The hydrologic cycle is characterized by evaporation and transpiration from the surfaces; transport of water vapor in the atmosphere by the wind, clouds, and precipitation; and water storage in snow, glaciers, groundwater, and oceans. Units: 1000…
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from article Hydrological consequences of global warming
Spatial patterns of climate model projections of (a) precipitation, (b) soil moisture, (c) runoff, and (d) evaporation for 2090–2099 under the mid-range A1B emission scenario from the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change 2007. (Climate Change…
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from article Voltage-multiplier circuit
Diode-capacitor voltage-multiplier circuits. (a) Negative voltage doubler. Diodes pass conventional current only in the directions of the arrows. Waveforms of input ac voltage, Vac with peak value Ep, and of voltages at diodes D1 and D2 and…
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from article Voltage-multiplier circuit
Dual switched-capacitor dc-to-dc converter that generates +10-V and −10-V dc sources from a single +5-V dc source. (a) Simplified circuit diagram. Switches are alternately connected to terminals A and B. C1, C2, C3, and C4 are capacitors. VCC is…
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from article Lead
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from article Lead
Galena (lead sulfide, PbS) is an ore mined for lead. (Credit: USGS)
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from article Hyperbolic geometry
Examples of simple hyperbolic knots and links. (a) Figure-8 knot. (b) Whitehead link.
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from article Transmission lines
Two common transmission lines for communication. (a) Coaxial cable. (b) Strip line.
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from article Transmission lines
Equivalent circuit that represents three sections of a lossless transmission line. Each section is of length Δz, and has an inductor (L) and capacitor (C). Voltages (V ) and currents (I ), and their differences (ΔV and ΔI ) between successive…
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from article Transmission lines
Signal detection on an oscilloscope. (a) Oscilloscope pictures of voltage pulses at three locations, z1, z2, and z3, on a transmission line, successively more distant from the signal generator. (b) Oscilloscope pictures of a periodic voltage sine…
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from article Transmission lines
Transmission line with characteristic impedance Zc, terminated in a load impedance ZL. A change of coordinate system (from z to ζ) is indicated.
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from article Transmission lines
Envelope of the voltage standing wave consisting of a wave propagating from z = −∞ and being reflected at z = 0. The wavelength, λ, and the maximum and minimum voltages, Vmax and Vmin , are indicated.
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from article Transmission lines
Two waveguides, with conventional coordinates. (a) Rectangular waveguide. (b) Cylindrical waveguide.
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from article Transmission lines
Dispersion curve for a rectangular waveguide of width a, showing relationship between the propagation constant, β, and the angular frequency, ω. Here, n specifies the mode of propagation, and c is the speed of light.
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from article Transmission lines
Equivalent circuit of a power transmission line. The single-phase circuit is used to represent balanced three-phase lines. Here, R and X are the resistance and reactance (at the operational frequency), and C is the capacitance of the entire…
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from article Micrometeorology
Soundings of temperature versus height for (a) day time and (b) nighttime obtained by radiosonde measurements during the Wangara experiment near Hay, New South Wales, Australia, in 1967. Soundings are shown for 9 A.M. through 9 P.M. on day 33 of the…
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from article Micrometeorology
The 3 P.M. sounding from Fig. 1a showing the layers of the daytime convective boundary layer.
