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Technologies to optimize the performance of optical systems wherein controllable optical elements maintain a sharply focused image in the presence of wavefront aberrations. The practical development of adaptive optics started in the late 1960s. Main…

A conductor whose purpose is to emit and/or receive electromagnetic waves using the bulk oscillations of electric charges within the conductor. The conduction electrons in antennas are free to move throughout the conductor. The electrons form a bulk…

The subfield of computer science concerned with understanding the nature of intelligence and constructing computer systems capable of intelligent behavior. Many activities, such as perception, learning, planning, natural language, and understanding,…

An analytical technique for determining the composition of a sample in terms of the chemical elements present and their quantities or concentrations. Unlike other methods of elemental analysis, however, the sample is decomposed into its constituent…

A quantum-mechanical theory of the motion of electrons in solids. The band theory of solids' name comes from the fact that it predicts certain restricted ranges, or bands, for the energies of electrons in solids. In a solid, the energy level of an…

A kind of mathematics whose variables can only be True or False. A variable is called Boolean if it can only hold two possible values: True or False. The value True can be represented by the number one and False by zero. For example, if A is a…