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from article Ohmmeter
Diagram of ohmmeter, showing operating principles. C1, C2 = current terminals; P1, P2 = potential terminals.
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from article Ohmmeter
Special measuring probes (Kelvin clips), consisting of a set of leads with combined current probes (C1, C2) and potential probes (P1, P2).
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from article Cavity resonator
Closed-end sound pipe resonating (a) at the fundamental frequency f1 (the first harmonic) with wavelength λ1, and (b) at an overtone, f3 ≈ 3f1 (the third harmonic), with wavelength λ3.
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from article Cavity resonator
Wavemeters. (a) Wavemeter consisting of cylindrical cavity with an adjustable end-wall, resonating in the TE011 mode. The free-space wavelength λ0 corresponding to the resonant frequency f0 is given by λ0 = 2L[1 + (2L/1.64a)]− 1 2 . (b) Practical…
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from article Cavity resonator
Determination of the Q of a cavity resonator by (a) measuring the bandwidth and (b) measuring the damping rate of the oscillations.
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from article Electrolysis
Electrolysis cell in which the electrolyte is a solution of sodium chloride.
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from article Lens (optics)
Refraction of light waves demonstrated by the disjointed appearance of a spoon entering a bowl of water, as well as the transposition of background colors due to the bowl's curvature. (Credit: Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Lens (optics)
Illustration of a standard concave lens (left) that acts as a diverging lens and a standard convex lens (right) that acts as a converging lens.
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from article Mixing
Typical impeller-type liquid mixer. (After V. W. Uhl and J. B. Gray, Mixing: Theory and Practice, vol. 2, Academic Press, 1967)
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from article Mixing
Effect of impeller size and speed on flow and turbulence (shear) at constant power.
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from article Mixing
Common impellers. (a) Marine-type mixing propeller. (b) Axial-flow (pitched-blade) turbine. (c) Flat-blade (Rushton) turbine. (After R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, eds., Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1973)
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from article Mixing
Swirling flow pattern for impeller of any shape, without baffles. (a) Side view. (b) Bottom view.
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from article Mixing
Flow patterns with baffles. (a) Flow pattern for propeller with baffles at tank wall. (b) Flow pattern for turbine with baffles at tank wall.
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from article Mixing
Flow pattern for top-entering, off-center propeller without baffles: (a) front, (b) top, and (c) side views.
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from article Mixing
Side-entering propeller mixer position. With proper propeller position, no vortex will result.
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from article Mixing
Ribbon turbine with double spiral, for high-viscosity liquids.
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from article Mixing
Coexistence of (a) chaotic and (b) nonchaotic mixing in a duct-type flow.
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from article Mixing
Unmixing of particles of two different sizes in a rotating tumbler operating in a time periodic mode.
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from article Learning
Lateral view of the human brain, including the primary areas of the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Learning
Brain activity can be recorded in various ways, from single-cell activity (top tracing) to the familiar electrical patterns ("brain waves") of an electroencephalogram (bottom tracing). (Credit: Based on an original drawing by C. Cotman and J.…
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from article Ultracentrifuge
Diagram of an electrically driven analytical ultracentrifuge. (Beckman Instruments)
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from article Ultracentrifuge
Analytical rotor. (Beckman Instruments)
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from article Ultracentrifuge
Fixed-angle preparative rotor and tubes. (Beckman Instruments)
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from article Biofilm
Biofilms are highly structured communities of microorganisms that are surface-associated or attached to one another, and are enclosed within a self-produced protective extracellular matrix. Biofilm formation and actions involve a number of stages:…
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from article Lung
Human lungs. (a) The trachea bifurcates as the right and left primary bronchi that enter each lung. The bronchi subdivide further to form the bronchial tree. (b) Color-coded view of the major branches of the bronchial tree. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Electric power generation
Coal-fired electric power plant. (Credit: mrclark321/Getty Images)
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from article Electric power generation
Steam power plant flow diagram.
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from article Electric power generation
Gas turbine plant flow diagram.
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from article Electric power generation
Cross section of a hydroelectric powerhouse. Arrangement is typical for an adjustable propeller-type reaction turbine. The intake and powerhouse are integral; waterways consist of intake, scroll case, and draft tube. Turbine and generator are set…
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from article Dewar flask
Two typical Dewar containers.
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from article Food science
Food scientist examining a tomato. (Credit: Adam Gault/Age Fotostock)
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from article Solution mining
Solution mining of a subsurface evaporite deposit. Mining is normally initiated at the bottom of the deposit and retreats vertically, leaving a mined-out cavity. Saturated brine is heavier (denser), and is recovered from the bottom of the cavity.…
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from article Solution mining
Forced-air ventilation of sulfide ore heaps during biooxidation.
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from article Solution mining
Sulfur production well in a Gulf Coast salt dome deposit. (a) Superheated water is pumped down the inner and outer casing strings. (b) Molten sulfur enters inner casing string. (c) Sulfur is jetted to the surface as a result of compressed air being…
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from article Assessing risks from nanomaterials
The size and scale of nanomaterials. The novel properties of materials with at least one dimension smaller than 100 nanometers can cause them to behave differently from their bulk counterparts. (Credit: National Nanotechnology Initiative)
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from article Assessing risks from nanomaterials
Comprehensive environmental assessment (CEA) structure.
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from article Animal testing
Mice are the most commonly used vertebrate species in animal testing and research. (Credit: Dolores Bonaparte)
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from article Animal testing
The use of animals in biomedical research remains essential, but the handling of these sentient beings must be done humanely to minimize and prevent animal harm. (Credit: U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Propagator (field theory)
Feynman diagrams for scattering processes. (a) Electron-proton scattering via photon exchange. (b) Proton-proton scattering via meson exchange.
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from article Conservation of energy
The conservation of energy allows energy to be interconverted among many different forms. In the use of wind power, for example, the kinetic energy of wind (movements of air) can be converted by turbine blades into electrical energy. (Credit: Ron…
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from article Electrical units and standards
Calculable capacitor. (a) Cross section of general cylindrical capacitor with four segments. (b) Cross section of symmetrical capacitor with cylindrical electrodes. (c) Calculable capacitor used in absolute determination of the ohm. (U.S. National…
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from article Electrical units and standards
Moving-coil balance. (a) Schematic diagram. (b) Equipment. (U.K. National Physical Laboratory)
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from article Electrical units and standards
Josephson effect. (a) Josephson junction characteristic. (b) Linear array of more than 2000 Josephson junctions in a folded microwave stripline, giving a total voltage step in the region of 1 volt. (U.S. National Institute of Standards and…
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from article Electrical units and standards
Quantum Hall effect. (a) Geometry of semiconductor. (b) Hall resistance characteristic. i = quantum number.
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from article Computer-integrated manufacturing
Diagram of the architecture of manufacturing.
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from article Computer-integrated manufacturing
Organization of a production cell network for computer-integrated manufacturing. Ethernet, Arcnet, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), and Canbus are international standards for communication.
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from article Circadian clock (plants)
Three-module circadian clock system.
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from article Circadian clock (plants)
Model of the Arabidopsis circadian clock, showing light input (bold arrow), the central oscillator (large box) and output/response (tinted arrows). Light signals synchronize the clock via the cryptochromes (cry) and phytochromes (phy). These are…
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from article Anthrax
A color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph showing splenic tissue from a monkey with inhalation anthrax. Rod-shaped bacilli of Bacillus anthracis (yellow) and an erythrocyte (red) are shown. (Credit: Arthur Friedlander/National Institute of…
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from article Anthrax
Micrograph (stained with hematoxylin and eosin) showing submucosal hemorrhage in the small intestine of a person fatally affected by gastrointestinal anthrax. (Credit: Marshal Fox/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article Neuron
Typical vertebrate neurons, including the sending neuron and the receiving neuron. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Triple point
Phase diagram for water, showing gas, liquid, and several solid (ice) phases; triple points at A, B, and C. The pressure scale changes at 101 kilopascals from logarithmic scale at low pressure to linear at high pressure.
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from article Mutagens and carcinogens
Arsenic is a known carcinogen. In this graphical example, more than half of the mice exposed to arsenic in their drinking water [at concentration levels of 50 and 500 parts per billion (ppb)] showed increased incidences of lung tumors (compared to a…
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from article Mutagens and carcinogens
Proflavin is a chemical disinfectant agent against bacteria, causing mutagenic DNA changes (such as the insertion or deletion of a DNA base pair). However, it is carcinogenic in mammals. Thus, it is used only for the disinfecting of surfaces or for…
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from article Mutagens and carcinogens
Model of carcinogenesis. Changes often occur in the growth properties of normal cells, leading to cancer cells that are not responsive to normal regulatory controls and can eventually give rise to a visible neoplasm or tumor. The main stages of the…
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from article Ecosystem
Levels of organization in ecosystems, which involve both biotic (living) components and abiotic (nonliving, physical) components. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Ecosystem
General model of energy flow through ecosystems. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Ecosystem
Food chains are limited by energy transfer. In this illustration, energy is transferred from the Sun to a plant (producer) to a primary consumer and to a secondary consumer. Energy is used by the producer and consumer organisms and is lost to the…
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from article Ecosystem
General model of the nitrogen cycle in ecosystems. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Ecosystem
General model of the carbon cycle in ecosystems: (A) carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air; (B) carbon from decomposition; (C) carbon from fossil fuels; (D) natural events (for example, forest fires and volcanoes) release CO2 into the air. (Copyright ©…
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from article Glass switch
OTS current-voltage characteristics.
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from article Glass switch
OMS current-voltage characteristics.
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from article Distillation column
Elements of a distillation column.
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from article Distillation column
Contacting devices for fractionating column.
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from article Autophagy
Modes of autophagy in yeast and mammalian cells. Macroautophagy involves the uptake of cytoplasm at a site away from the lysosome or vacuole. The origin of the sequestering membrane is not known, but it likely includes multiple sources such as the…
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from article Autophagy
Basic steps involved in macroautophagy, shown with the structural intermediates. See the text for full details.
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from article Autophagy
The cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway is an example of selective autophagy. The schematic illustrates the steps of the Cvt pathway and also shows electron micrographs of the sequestration event. Precursor aminopeptidase I (prApe1) forms a…
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from article Autophagy
Atg8 tagged with white fluorescent protein (GFP-Atg8) can be used to monitor autophagosome formation. Cells in growing conditions (for example, in the presence of nitrogen; +N) carry out a basal level of macroautophagy and typically display a single…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Ablative indirect drive and ablative direct drive. (a) In laser-illuminated, ablative indirect drive, the ICF target consists of a cylindrical hohlraum (hollow room) in which laser light is injected through the two holes in the end caps and heats…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
X-ray images with a framing camera (developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) from a directly driven inertial confinement fusion capsule at the University of Rochester's Omega Facility. The camera has 80-ps exposure time and 55-ps time…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Deuterium–tritium fuel ion temperature and density at ignition, plotted against normalized radius, for a typical high-gain capsule.
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Its driver is the world's largest laser. The 1.8 MJ of ultraviolet light (351-nm wavelength from frequency-tripled neodymium:glass laser light) is generated with…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Progress toward ignition on NIF is illustrated by the plot of no-burn D–T equivalent yield in number of neutrons versus the value of ρr inferred from the energy lost by fusion neutrons during passage out of the compressed fuel. These experiments…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
View of the combined Z Machine and Z-Beamlet laser facility (lower left) with exploded view of the cross section of the Z Machine (upper left). Both will be used to drive the MagLIF capsule (right) at Sandia National Laboratories. The 10-kJ…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Computed capsule gains (energy yield divided by absorbed energy) from 1D simulations of the principal (radial) dynamics for ablative direct drive of a perfect capsule, which is irradiated by either 248-nm laser light or 351-nm laser light with…
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Electra, an ∼500 J/pulse, electron-beam pumped KrF laser at the Naval Research Laboratory. It has achieved 90,000 shots in a continuous run and 330,000 shots in 8 days at 2.5–5 Hz.
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from article Inertial confinement fusion
Conceptual design of the X-target. (Credit: Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory)
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from article Governor
Ballhead governor.
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from article Governor
Isochronous governor.
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from article Governor
Hydraulic governor.
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from article Governor
Isochronous dashpot governor.
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from article Governor
Governor with force feedback.
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from article Governor
Two-way valve-differential servomotor.
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from article Macrocyclic compound
Macrocyclic structures. (a) Two crown ethers. (b) A basic structure for three cryptands. (c) A lariat ether. (d) All-aliphatic spherand. (e) All-aromatic spherand.
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from article Macrocyclic compound
Macrocycles with various structural features. (a) Bicyclic cryptand (ditopic receptor). (b) Calix[6]arene; R represents a functional group. (c) Cavitand. (d) Carcerand. (e) Cyclophanes.
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from article Macrocyclic compound
Tetramers. (a) Resorcinarene having the rctt conformation. (b) Pyrogallolarene having the rccc conformation.
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from article Macrocyclic compound
The metal cation is the guest and the organic structure is the host in (a) 18-crown-6 complex of potassium cation (K+) and (b) sodium (Na+) complexed by a calix[4]arene.
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from article Macrocyclic compound
Complexing species. (a) Dibinaphtho-22-crown-6. (b) R,R-dibinaphtho-22-crown-6 complex of phenethylammonium chloride.
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from article Macrocyclic compound
Affinities for anions and cations shown for (a) pyrrole and (b) furan-derived cyclic tetramers.
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from article Macrocyclic compound
Amphiphiles. (a) Crown ether-steroid amphiphile. (b) Crown ether bolaamphiphile.
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from article Renner-Teller effect
Bending potential function V for a degenerate electronic state of a linear molecule as a function of displacement r, and for three values (0, 0.5, 1.0) of the Renner parameter ε. In the absence of Renner-Teller splitting (ε = 0) there is a single…
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from article Cell cycle
Phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Interphase is subdivided into three phases: gap phase 1 (G1), synthesis (S), and gap phase 2 (G2). M phase, which follows interphase, consists of mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cell division). G0…
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from article Cell cycle
During cytokinesis (cell division), the cell pinches into two parts between the separated daughter nuclei. At the end of this process, the two daughter cells often remain tethered by a thin "midbody" of microtubules. Once this midbody breaks, the…
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from article Cell cycle
Behavior of various Cdk/cyclin complexes and their cellular events. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Capacitance
Parallel-plate capacitor P1, P2 with guard ring GG. Spacing between guard ring and plate is exaggerated. (a) Cross section with all parts of capacitor at ground potential. (b) Top view showing plate P1 surrounded by guard ring. (c) Cross section of…
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from article Capacitance
Variable air capacitor.
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from article Capacitance
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from article Capacitance
Wound-roll construction of plastic film and paper capacitors.
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from article Capacitance
Ceramic capacitor constructed in chip form, showing cutaway of finished chip.
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from article Capacitance
Tantalum electrolytic capacitor showing cross section. (General Electric Co.)
