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from article Precipitation (chemistry)
Precipitation of calcium fluoride. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education/Stephen Frisch)
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from article Active sound control
Results of a computer simulation of the sound field produced by two sources of spherical sound waves in air that have identical source strengths and are separated by a distance of 10 m. The sources are out of phase and radiate sound at a frequency…
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from article Active sound control
Feed-forward active noise control system. Elements of the system below the broken line are entirely digital, the filter H operating on the input sequence x to produce the output sequence y. The characteristics of the filter are designed by using the…
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from article Active sound control
Active control system for the suppression of propeller-induced aircraft cabin noise. The digital filters H1 and H2 are designed to minimize the sum of the squared error signals e1–e4.
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from article Active sound control
Distribution of sound pressure level (in decibels on an arbitrary scale) at head height in a 48-seat propeller aircraft (a) before and (b) after the use of a multichannel active noise control system consisting of 16 loudspeakers and 32 microphones.…
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from article Active sound control
Multichannel feed forward active control system for suppressing noise from multiple primary sources.
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from article Active sound control
Performance of a multichannel feed forward system for the active suppression of road-induced noise in a small passenger car at a speed of 60 km/h (37 mi/h). Reference signals were taken from six vibration sensors on the vehicle suspension. The…
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from article Immunity
The immune response to an invading microbe can generate immunity via antibody production. Steps: (1) Antigen binds to a B cell receptor (antibody) on a B cell. (2) The B cell may also receive more information from a helper T cell about the presence…
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from article Immunity
Colored scanning electron micrograph of an activated human macrophage. Activation of macrophages is often an important aspect of the immune response. (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo)
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from article Immunity
Colored scanning electron micrograph of B lymphocytes. These white blood cells are involved in the immune response. (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo)
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from article Deforestation
View of an area of deforestation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. In this case, the land is being cleared to develop areas for intensive rice production. (Credit: Australian National University)
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from article Deforestation
The relationship between forest and nonforest (other) land. Preservation of forest lands includes reforestation and natural regeneration. However, deforestation and natural events can lead to nonforest land. Afforestation (the act or process of…
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from article Deforestation
Natural forest areas (in hectares; 1 hectare = 2.47 acres) in various climatic domains (boreal/polar, temperate, subtropical, and tropical) from 1990 to 2015. The data are derived from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 by the Food and…
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from article Deforestation
Former rainforest in northern Queensland, Australia, that was deforested in the early 1900s and is now used for pasture. (Credit: Rodney Keenan)
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from article Deforestation
Aerial view of deforestation in the Amazon region of Brazil. Clearing of trees in the Amazon rainforest has resulted in the elimination of natural resources and numerous species. (Credit: Luoman/Getty Images)
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from article Polystyrene
Polystyrene foam. (Credit: Raywoo/123RF)
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from article Evolutionary computation
Typical flowchart for an evolutionary algorithm.
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from article Evolutionary computation
Traveling salesperson problem comprising 1000 cities. (a) Best-evolved solution after examination of 4 × 107 possible solutions. (b) Rate of evolutionary optimization.
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from article Evolutionary computation
Arrangement for distributing an evolutionary algorithm across multiple processors. Each processor holds its own population that undergoes random variation and selection. Occasionally, solutions will migrate from one population to another and begin…
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from article Vacuum fusion
Vacuum-fusion methods of analysis.
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from article Soil chemistry
Proper soil chemistry helps a green seedling to sprout out from the soil. Soil chemistry controls the availability of plant nutrients within the soil and thus influences plant growth. (Credit: amenic181/Shutterstock)
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from article Soil chemistry
Extensive chemical weathering can remove essential minerals and elements from soil. Typically, only the most insoluble compounds remain in the soil. For example, iron oxides may persist, imparting a reddish-brown color to the soil. (Credit: Stephen…
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from article Soil chemistry
Factors influencing the chemistry of a soil solution. (Credit: Based on an original illustration created by J. F. Hodson)
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from article Supercritical-fluid chromatography
Block diagram of supercritical-fluid chromatograph. With some detectors (for example, flame ionization), the pressure/flow restrictor is mounted in the detector.
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from article Supercritical-fluid chromatography
High-resolution separation of the oligomers of a methyl silicone by pressure-programmed supercritical-fluid chromatography; each peak in the chromatogram is due to an oligomer with one more Si(CH3)2O group than the previous peak. Pressure is held at…
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from article Lipidomics
Components of phosphoinositides. (a) General structure of phospholipids, showing positions sn-1 and sn-2, where various fatty acids may attach. X represents a phosphate-linked group; FA represents a fatty acid. (b) Space-filling models of four…
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from article Lipidomics
Selected MS ion chromatograms of synthetic 1,2-diacyl-sn-3-glycerol (DAG) molecular species from polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs) of patients with local aggressive periodontal disease. DAG species were resolved and identified by…
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from article Lipidomics
Families of bioactive lipids. (a) Arachidonic acid is the precursor for many of the known bioactive mediators, such as EETs, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins. (b) Eicosapentanoic acids (C20:5 and C22:6) are precursors to potent new…
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from article Lipidomics
Functional-mediator lipidomics approach to evaluate and profile compounds during experimental inflammation and its resolution.
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from article Comparator
High-gain nonregenerative operational amplifier as voltage comparator.
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from article Comparator
Regenerative operational amplifier as comparator (Schmitt trigger). The input and output voltages are superimposed, showing hysteresis.
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from article Decision theory
Decision tree for the problem given in the text. Numbers at nodes represent time past alarm (7:00 A.M.), and numbers at branches refer to the decision mode or state of nature.
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from article Decision theory
From of a decision matrix. Oij = outcome corresponding to the interaction of a strategy (Si) and a state of nature (Nj).
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from article Decision theory
Decision tree structure to determine the subjective utility of lottery outcomes.
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from article Decision theory
Hypothetical subjective utility curves.
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from article Power shovel
Comparison of the boom, dipper handle, and dipper for (a) conventional power shovel, (b) hydraulic backhoe, and (c) hydraulic front shovel. A typical lower frame, crawlers, and machinery frame are shown for the hydraulic shovel.
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from article Mitochondria
A mitochondrion is a specialized compartment (organelle) of a eukaryotic cell (upper left). The electron micrograph (upper right) and the accompanying illustration (bottom) indicate the outer and inner membranes, cristae, and matrix. [Credit…
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from article Mitochondria
Three-dimensional reconstruction of a rat liver mitochondrion produced by electron microscopic tomography. During imaging, the sample is tilted around one or more axes to generate different projections that are later digitally combined to produce a…
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from article Mitochondria
Guard cells of a transgenic tobacco plant expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) targeted to mitochondria. Chloroplasts (cell plastids) show red chlorophyll autofluorescence and mitochondria show green protein fluorescence. (Credit: Rainer…
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from article Mitochondria
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, being responsible for energy generation in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is produced by the coupled processes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.…
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from article Magnetic materials
Identification of properties related to the magnetic hysteresis loop. Colored area is the magnetization energy lost in every cycle (hysteresis loss).
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from article Magnetic materials
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from article Magnetic materials
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from article Sewage collection systems
Various pipe shapes. (a) Round. (b) Vertically elongated (ellipse). (c) Pipe-arch. (d) Underpass. (e) Arch. (After American Iron and Steel Institute, Handbook of Steel Drainage and Highway Construction Products, 2d ed., 1971)
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from article Sewage collection systems
Band-coupled pipe joints. (a) Typical band coupling; (b) standard corrugated steel pipe band connectors; (c) band angle connector (after American Iron and Steel Institute, Modern Sewer Design, 1980). (d) Details of an O-ring compression joint for…
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from article Sewage collection systems
Diagram of a mechanical compression water stop and seal. (Link Seal, Thunderline Corp., Wayne, Michigan)
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from article Sewage collection systems
Some typical sewer manholes with standard 24-in. (61-cm) cover and frame. (a) Inside drop. (b) Outside drop. (c) Unit for a large sewer. (After R. L. Linsley and J. B. Franzini, Water Resources Engineering, 3d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1979)
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from article Sewage collection systems
Drop manhole detail. (a) Vertical section. (b) Horizontal section (A-A in part a). (After National Clay Pipe Institute, Clay Pipe Engineering Manual, 1962)
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from article Sewage collection systems
Typical house sewer connection. (After Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., and G. Tchobanoglous, Wastewater Engineering: Collection and Pumping of Wastewater, McGraw-Hill, 1981)
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from article Sewage collection systems
Typical stormwater street inlets. (a) Gutter. (b) Curb. (c) Combination; grate placed directly in front of curb opening and depressed. (d) Multiple; undepressed. (After Joint Committee of American Society of Civil Engineers and Water Pollution…
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from article Sewage collection systems
Typical catch basin with removable hood trap for cleanout. (Neenah Foundry Co., Neenah, Wisconsin)
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from article Sewage collection systems
Typical contract plan and profile sheet for sewer lateral. (a) Plan. (b) Profile; numbers on horizontal axis refer to sites with same numbers in part a. MH = manhole. Sta = Station. Inv. El. = Invert elevation. RCP = reinforced concrete pipe. S =…
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from article Sewage collection systems
Hydraulic profile for uniform flow condition, showing values at points U and D.
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from article Sewage collection systems
Hydraulic element graphs for conditions of partial flow in terms of full section. (a) Pipe-arch section. (b) Circular section. (After American Iron and Steel Institute, Modern Sewer Design, 1980)
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from article Eye (invertebrate)
Pigment spot ocellus, the simplest invertebrate eye. (After E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Belmont, CA, 2004)
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from article Eye (invertebrate)
Simple open eye of the marine limpet Patella. (After E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Belmont, CA, 2004)
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from article Eye (invertebrate)
Large, complex eye of the marine snail Murex. (After E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Belmont, CA, 2004)
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from article Eye (invertebrate)
Simple pigment cup ocellus of flatworm. (After E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Belmont, CA, 2004)
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from article Eye (invertebrate)
Large, complex eye of the clam worm Nereis. (After E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Belmont, CA, 2004)
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from article Eye (invertebrate)
Simple eye of Ranzania, a marine annelid. (After E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Belmont, CA, 2004)
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from article Eye (invertebrate)
Highly developed eyes at anterior end of pelagic marine annelid Alciopidae. (After E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Belmont, CA, 2004)
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from article Eye (invertebrate)
Scallop Argopecten with one valve removed showing ocelli along the margin of the mantle. (After E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Belmont, CA, 2004)
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from article Eye (invertebrate)
Longitudinal section through the tubelike anterior median eye of jumping spider Salticus. (After E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Belmont, CA, 2004)
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from article Eye (invertebrate)
Octopus eye. (After E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Belmont, CA, 2004)
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from article Eye (invertebrate)
Two ommatidia from compound eye of crayfish Astacus. (After E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Belmont, CA, 2004)
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from article Eye (invertebrate)
Compound eye adapted for opposition image formation. Light rays from points a, b, and c. (After E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Belmont, CA, 2004)
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from article Eye (invertebrate)
Compound eye adapted for superposition image formation. The light from points a, b, and c is concentrated on an ommatidium. (After E. E. Ruppert, R. S. Fox, and R. D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, 7th ed.,…
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from article Ferret
An endangered black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes). (Photo copyright © Joseph Dougherty)
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from article Engineering
Test firing of NASA’s 3D-printed rocket engine nozzle. 3D printing allows engineers to test new prototypes, including objects designed with multiple materials, speeding the development process and time. (Credit: NASA/MSFC/David Olive)
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from article Turboprop
Typical turboprop configurations. (a) Fixed-turbine turboprop. (b) Free-turbine turboprop. (c) Offset-gearbox turboprop. (d) Counterrotating turboprop. (e) Unducted fan, an ungeared, counterrotating, pusher turboprop. (After R. C. Hawkins, Unducted…
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from article Turboprop
Typical turboprop installations. (a) Conventional tractor-type single-rotation turboprop (Saab Corp.). (b) Unducted fan, a pusher-type counterrotating turboprop (GE Aircraft Engines).
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from article Thermostat
Typical heat-cool thermostat. (Honeywell Inc.)
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from article Thermostat
Comparison of temperature variations using a timed on-off thermostat with and without heat anticipation.
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from article Calcium
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from article Calcium
Calcium carbonate towers, called tufa, in the saline waters of Mono Lake, California, United States. (Credit: Steve Heap/Shutterstock)
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from article Bridge
Corpus Christi Harbor Bridge, a through-arch bridge, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA. (Credit: Brian Kanof/McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Bridge
Typical bridge elevation.
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from article Bridge
Cast-in-place concrete deck under construction. (Courtesy of Lian Duan)
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from article Bridge
A typical steel-grid bridge deck.
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from article Bridge
Typical components of orthotropic deck bridges with (a) open ribs and (b) closed ribs. (From M. S. Troitsky, Orthotropic Steel Deck Bridges, 2d ed., JFL Arch Welding Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 1987. Courtesy of The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding…
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from article Bridge
Typical shapes of small piers for small bridges.
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from article Bridge
Typical abutments: (a) wingless; (b) straight wing; (c) U-shaped; (d) beveled wing; (e) arch bridge abutment.
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from article Bridge
Typical shallow foundation. P = vertical load, D = embedment depth, B = width.
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from article Bridge
Typical deep foundations: (a) anchor, (b) shaft, (c) pile, and (d) caisson.
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from article Humidification
An example of a psychrometric chart.
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from article Humidification
Schematic of air conditioning humidifier.
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from article Humidification
Cutaway view of large industrial counterflow cooling tower. (Fluor Products Co.)
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from article Process engineering
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from article Process engineering
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from article Process engineering
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from article Process engineering
Twelve degrees of freedom of a workpiece.
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from article Process engineering
Three views of a workpiece.
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from article Food preservation
Packaging operation in a biscuit factory. (©Erik Isakson/Blend Images)
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from article Optical material
Transmission range for a variety of optical materials. The bars indicate the wavelength region for which the external transmittance for a 1-mm-thick sample of the material is greater than 10% when measured at room temperature. The wavelength scale…
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from article Optical material
Transmission versus wavelength for several optical materials. The wavelength scale is logarithmic.
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from article Optical material
Refractive index versus wavelength for several optical materials. The wavelength scale is logarithmic.
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from article Optical material
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from article Optical material
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from article Excretion
Annelids (segmented worms) possess small independent nephridia. These excretory structures enable worms (as well as many other animals) to become less dependent on the immediate environment in which they live. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Excretion
Sequence of breakdown from a nucleic acid to ammonia (NH3). Reverse pathways (broken-line arrows) indicate either a lack of knowledge of the mechanism or that other enzymes are involved. (Credit: M. Florkin)
