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from article Vibrotaction
Block diagram of apparatus for determining vibrotactile perception thresholds at the fingertip.
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from article Vibrotaction
Tactogram showing the approximate maximum threshold recorded at the fingertips of healthy persons (horizontal line), and examples of two types of threshold elevation (reduction in acuity) at selected frequencies (circles and squares).
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from article Communications satellite
Artist impression of TDRS-L, the 11th member of NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System, orbiting Earth at 36,000 km (22,300 mi). TDRS-L sends signals, information, and commands from ground controllers to the International Space Station and…
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from article Communications satellite
Communications to and from a satellite.
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from article Communications satellite
Typical communications satellite. TWTA = traveling-wave–tube amplifier. (Credit: Space Systems/Loral)
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from article Communications satellite
Orbit periods of circular orbits.
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from article Forest ecosystem
Forest in Moran State Park on Orcas Island, Washington. (Credit: Chris Willig)
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from article Forest ecosystem
Forest fire in No Name Creek area of Colorado. (Credit: Andrea Booher/FEMA)
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from article Forest ecosystem
Puma and cub in forest. (Credit: Grant Faint/Stockbyte/Getty Images)
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from article Forest ecosystem
Conceptual model of elemental cycling in a terrestial ecosystem, emphasizing the presence and activities of arthropod consumers. The indirect regulation of elemental movement by arthropods is indicated by the hourglass-shaped valves on these flows.…
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from article Forest ecosystem
The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) is a destructive insect pest of coniferous forests in the southern United States. (Credit: U.S. Forest Service)
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from article Forest ecosystem
Belowground food web. (Credit: Elaine Ingham)
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from article Polymer composite
Relation between stiffness and filler type and orientation in polymeric materials. L/D = length/diameter of fiber.
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from article Polymer composite
Load transfer from matrix to fiber in a composite. LC = critical length. σma = matrix stress.
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from article Polymer composite
Tensile modulus for various fibers.
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from article Polymer composite
Unidirectional continuous fiber–reinforced laminated structure. L = longitudinal direction. T = transverse direction.
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from article Polymer composite
Measured and predicted elastic modulus in a unidirectional fiber–reinforced laminate as a function of angle between the loading and fiber direction.
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from article Toggle
Toggle mechanism. (a) Simple structure. (b) Traditional configuration. (c) Typical application.
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from article Branched polymer
Examples of branched polymers. (a) Branched polymer (if arms are of composition similar to backbone) or graft polymer (if compositions are different). (b) Star polymer. (c) Comb polymer. (d) Dendritic polymer.
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from article Branched polymer
Reaction for preparation of a star polymer with styrene-butadiene block copolymer arms.
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from article Branched polymer
Steps in the synthesis of a starburst polymer. s = surface. o = interior. fr = reactive group. fp = protected group.
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from article Tangent
Line L tangent to curve C at P.
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from article Heterocyclic polymer
Structural units in linear polymers. (a) Simple linear polymer. (b) Stepladder polymer. (c) Ladder polymer.
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from article Heterocyclic polymer
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from article Medical waste
The uniform international biohazard symbol.
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from article Patellogastropoda
Whitecap limpet (Acmaea mitra). (Photo by Douglas Eernisse)
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from article Patellogastropoda
Ribbed Mediterranean limpet (Patella ferruginea). (Photo by Georgina Rivera Ingraham)
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from article Patellogastropoda
Radula of the patellogastropod Notoacmea scapha.
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from article Intermolecular force
Schematic diagram of intermolecular interaction. (a) There is negligible interaction between atoms that are 1 nm apart. (b) For atoms separated by about 0.8 nm or less, attractive dispersion forces result from correlated fluctuations of the electron…
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from article Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease is a hereditary disorder that affects approximately five to ten of every 100,000 persons. The average age at onset is between 35 and 40 years. Invariably fatal, the disease progresses gradually over time. (Copyright ©…
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from article Cheese
Cheese being placed in brining tank (salt bath). (Credit: Westend61/Getty Images)
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from article Cheese
Cheese ripening. (Credit: Tom Paiva Photography/Blend Images)
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from article Cheese
Swiss cheese. (Credit: Tom Paiva Photography/Blend Images)
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from article Ion beam mixing
Ion beam mixing of film and substrate. (a) Before ion bombardment. (b) Partial intermixing. (c) Complete intermixing.
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from article Ion beam mixing
Ion beam mixing of alternating films.
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from article Masking of sound
Three psychophysical tuning curves, showing the tonal masking effects for tonal signals of 300, 1000, or 3000 Hz. (After F. L. Wightman et al. Factors influencing frequency selectivity in normal and hearing-impaired listeners, in E. F. Evans and J.…
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from article Masking of sound
Width of the critical band in hertz as a function of signal frequency.
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from article Masking of sound
Relative amount of masking obtained in forward, simultaneous, and backward masking. (After W. A. Yost, Fundamentals of Hearing: An Introduction, 4th ed., Academic Press, New York, 2000)
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from article Masking of sound
Masking of a 1000-Hz pure-tone signal in forward masking when the masker is a two-tone complex consisting of a 1000-Hz masker and a second tone. (a) Threshold of signal for the two-tone masker relative to that obtained when only the 1000-Hz tone…
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from article Hazardous waste
Inspector determining the compliance status of a facility that generates and handles hazardous waste. (Credit: West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection)
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from article Lignin-degrading fungi
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from article Lignin-degrading fungi
Close-up view of Pleurotus spp. fruiting bodies growing naturally on a dead tree log. The common name of oyster mushroom comes from the shell-like appearance of the fruiting body. Note the characteristic eccentric caps.
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from article Azeotropic distillation
Schematic representation of the residue curve map for nonazeotropic ternary mixtures.
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from article Azeotropic distillation
Schematic representation of the residue curve maps for ternary mixtures with one minimum-boiling binary azeotrope. (a) Azeotrope between the lowest- and highest-boiling components. (b) Azeotrope between the intermediate- and highest-boiling…
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from article Azeotropic distillation
Classical extractive distillation of ethanol and water using ethylene glycol as entrainer. (a) Residue curve map. Temperatures shown are the normal boiling points of the pure components and the azeotrope. Binary azeotropic composition is not drawn…
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from article Azeotropic distillation
Typical sequence of columns for heterogeneous azeotropic distillation, for example, ethanol + water + benzene (entrainer).
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from article Capability maturity modeling
Capability Maturity Models: the continuous representation.
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from article Capability maturity modeling
Organizational maturity levels.
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from article Capability maturity modeling
Capability Maturity Models: the staged representation.
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from article Capability maturity modeling
CMMI model evolution.
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from article Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen-oxide structures. Blue = nitrogen. Red = oxygen.
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from article Energy storage
Specific range of vehicles using energy stored in various forms. 1 mi/ft3 = 57 km/m3.
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from article Energy storage
Concept of an underground pumped hydroelectric storage system.
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from article Energy storage
Schematic diagram of compressed-air storage plant at Huntorf, Germany.
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from article Energy storage
Schematic diagram of zinc-chloride battery, showing two main compartments in the design, the battery stack and the chlorine hydrate store. (a) Charge cycle. (b) Discharge cycle. (Gulf and Western Co.)
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from article Energy storage
Impact of solar-electric generation on utility load curve during a typical 24-h period.
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from article Star tracker
Strapdown satellite star tracker. (a) Mounting of system on the satellite. (b) Star tracker in housing. (Northrop Grumman Corp.)
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from article Star tracker
Silicon focal-plane arrays. (Northrop Grumman Corp.)
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from article Sterilization
Diagrammatic sketch of an autoclave. (American Sterilizer Co.)
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from article Sterilization
Cobalt-60 furnace which is designed for experimental food sterilization.
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from article Sterilization
Van de Graaff generator principle; packaged products sterilized by means of a high-intensity electron beam which penetrates packages. (After W. M. Urbain, Food Eng., vol. 25, February 1953)
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from article Nerve agent
Chemical structure of the nerve agent tabun (GA), C5H11N2O2P.
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from article Nerve agent
An example of hazardous materials workers wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), as might be worn to protect against nerve agent exposure. (Credit: CDC Public Health Image Library)
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from article Nerve agent
A practice exercise at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention showing responders using a decontamination station, as might be used after a nerve agent incident. (Credit: CDC Public Health Image Library/Kathy Nellis Chastney)
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from article Nerve agent
Example of auto-injector syringes for atropine and pralidoxime, two antidotes for nerve agent exposure, from a Mark 1 Nerve Agent Antidote Kit (NAAK). (Credit: ATSDR/CDC)
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from article Food allergy
Children (under the age of 18) who experience food allergies are more likely to experience other allergic conditions, including asthma (black), eczema/skin allergy (blue), and respiratory allergy (green). (Credit: National Center for Health…
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from article Food allergy
Allergic responses (immunological responses mediated by the IgE class of immunoglobulins) can be caused by certain foods. In a person with allergies, mast cells will be coated with IgE against one or a few antigens (allergens) that, upon entering…
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from article Food allergy
Peanuts are a common trigger of food allergies in both adults and children. (Credit: Christian Jung/Shutterstock)
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from article Machining
Broach cutting a small chip from a workpiece.
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from article Machining
Critical items on a drill point and their geometry. (a) End view. (b) Side view. (c) Side view, with drill rotated 90° about its axis from the position shown in b.
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from article Machining
Formation of turning chips as a single-point tool contacts the exterior of the spinning workpiece.
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from article Machining
Action of a grinding wheel, showing how individual grains of the wheel produce chips from a workpiece.
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from article Machining
Configuration of a centerless grinding wheel.
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from article Machining
Creep-feed grinding process.
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from article Machining
Electric-discharge, or electric-spark, machining process. (Elox Corporation of Michigan)
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from article Machining
Gear hobbing operation; rotation of the hob and gear blank is synchronized and continuous. (After J. G. Bralla, ed., Handbook of Product Design for Manufacturing, McGraw-Hill, 1986)
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from article Ventilation
Roof exhausts for natural ventilation. (a) Cross section of round ventilator and (b) of rotating-head ventilator. (c) Continuous roof ventilator.
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from article Ventilation
Building cross section illustrating motivating convection head (height) for natural ventilation.
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from article Ventilation
Factory-assembled ventilating unit.
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from article Ventilation
Mechanically powered roof air supply unit. For summer ventilation, the portion shown in solid lines is used. Heater and dampers are for winter use. Diffuser outlet improves air distribution into ventilated space.
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from article Sport-related concussion
Sport-related concussion is among the most frequent injuries experienced by athletes participating in contact and collision sports, including football. (Credit: Skynesher/Getty Images)
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from article Sport-related concussion
Medical imaging and scanning techniques can identify the brain areas affected by a sport-related concussion. (Credit: Puwadol Jaturawutthichai/Shutterstock)
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from article Sport-related concussion
A football helmet with anticoncussion padding. This type of helmet is recommended for youths who are active in contact and collision sports. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Prairie dog
Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). (Photo by Ron Singer, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)
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from article Hydraulic actuator
Function of a hydraulic double-acting cylinder.
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from article Hydraulic actuator
Types of hydraulic cylinder (linear) actuators. (a) Single-acting, external return. (b) Single-acting, spring return. (c) Telescopic. (d) Double-acting double-ended rod. (e) Tandem cylinders.
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from article Hydraulic actuator
Piston-rack type rotary actuator.
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from article Hydraulic actuator
Single-vane rotary actuator.
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from article Hydraulic actuator
Gear motor rotary actuator.
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from article Hydraulic actuator
Vane motor rotary actuator.
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from article Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
Photomicrograph of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria that have been grown from a blood culture. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in adults, but various forms of the bacteria have acquired resistance to…
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from article Nuclear power
Aerial view of a nuclear power plant with one cooling tower (at right). The containment structure housing the nuclear reactor and its fissile uranium fuel is the gray, domed structure rising above the rest of the support buildings at center.…
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from article Nuclear power
Advanced boiling-water reactor (ABWR), the first advanced light-water reactor to be deployed commercially. (Credit: General Electric)
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from article Nuclear power
Aerial image of the stricken Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, showing damaged reactor buildings. (Credit: Department of Energy Aerial Measuring System)
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from article Sauropterygia
Ceresiosaurus calcagnii, ventral view.
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from article Hyperbola
Hyperbola as a conic section.
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from article Hyperbola
Hyperbola as a locus of points.
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from article Alicyclic hydrocarbon
Internal bond angles (α) for (a–c) planar rings and (d) a tetrahedral carbon atom.
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from article Alicyclic hydrocarbon
Nonplanar (a) chair and (b) boat structures of cyclohexane.
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from article Alcohol
Ethanol production plant. (Credit: Julie Kendall/Getty Images)
