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Results of a computer simulation of the sound field produced by two sources of spherical sound waves in air that have identical source strengths and are separated by a distance of 10 m. The sources are out of phase and radiate sound at a frequency…

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from article Active sound control

Feed-forward active noise control system. Elements of the system below the broken line are entirely digital, the filter H operating on the input sequence x to produce the output sequence y. The characteristics of the filter are designed by using the…

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from article Active sound control

Active control system for the suppression of propeller-induced aircraft cabin noise. The digital filters H1 and H2 are designed to minimize the sum of the squared error signals e1–e4.

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from article Active sound control

Distribution of sound pressure level (in decibels on an arbitrary scale) at head height in a 48-seat propeller aircraft (a) before and (b) after the use of a multichannel active noise control system consisting of 16 loudspeakers and 32 microphones.…

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from article Active sound control

Multichannel feed forward active control system for suppressing noise from multiple primary sources.

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from article Active sound control

Performance of a multichannel feed forward system for the active suppression of road-induced noise in a small passenger car at a speed of 60 km/h (37 mi/h). Reference signals were taken from six vibration sensors on the vehicle suspension. The…

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from article Evolutionary computation

Typical flowchart for an evolutionary algorithm.

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from article Evolutionary computation

Traveling salesperson problem comprising 1000 cities. (a) Best-evolved solution after examination of 4 × 107 possible solutions. (b) Rate of evolutionary optimization.

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from article Evolutionary computation

Arrangement for distributing an evolutionary algorithm across multiple processors. Each processor holds its own population that undergoes random variation and selection. Occasionally, solutions will migrate from one population to another and begin…

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from article Symphyla

Scutigerella immaculata. This symphylan is a garden and greenhouse pest. (Photo by Ivo Antušek; BioLib.cz)

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from article Symphyla

Cercus (enlarged view). (Courtesy of Robert T. Allen, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Amanda Lawrence, Electron Microscope Center, Mississippi State University)

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from article Vacuum fusion

Vacuum-fusion methods of analysis.

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from article Cestida

Structure of Cestum veneris.

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from article Ordovician

Ordovician, the second period of the Paleozoic Era.

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from article Ordovician

Early Ordovician (Arenig) paleogeography, major rock suites and potential ocean surface currents; based on remanent magnetism data supplemented by plots of the positions of shelf sea carbonates and reefs.

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from article Thrombosis

Thrombin molecular model. (Credit: Molekuul/Science Photo Library/Getty Images)

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from article Thrombosis

Organized thrombus in an artery with recanalization.

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from article Thrombosis

Organized thrombus in an artery with scar formation; the artery is completely occluded by the fibrotic mass.

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from article Comparator

High-gain nonregenerative operational amplifier as voltage comparator.

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from article Comparator

Regenerative operational amplifier as comparator (Schmitt trigger). The input and output voltages are superimposed, showing hysteresis.

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from article Cephalochordata

European lancelet (Branchiostoma lanceolatum). (After J. E. Webb, On the populations of Branchiostoma lanceolatum and their relations with the West African lancelets, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 127:131, 1956)

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from article Decision theory

Decision tree for the problem given in the text. Numbers at nodes represent time past alarm (7:00 A.M.), and numbers at branches refer to the decision mode or state of nature.

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from article Decision theory

From of a decision matrix. Oij = outcome corresponding to the interaction of a strategy (Si) and a state of nature (Nj).

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from article Decision theory

Decision tree structure to determine the subjective utility of lottery outcomes.

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from article Decision theory

Hypothetical subjective utility curves.

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from article Power shovel

Comparison of the boom, dipper handle, and dipper for (a) conventional power shovel, (b) hydraulic backhoe, and (c) hydraulic front shovel. A typical lower frame, crawlers, and machinery frame are shown for the hydraulic shovel.

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from article Magnetic materials

Identification of properties related to the magnetic hysteresis loop. Colored area is the magnetization energy lost in every cycle (hysteresis loss).

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from article Magnetic materials

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from article Magnetic materials

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from article Sewage collection systems

Various pipe shapes. (a) Round. (b) Vertically elongated (ellipse). (c) Pipe-arch. (d) Underpass. (e) Arch. (After American Iron and Steel Institute, Handbook of Steel Drainage and Highway Construction Products, 2d ed., 1971)

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from article Sewage collection systems

Band-coupled pipe joints. (a) Typical band coupling; (b) standard corrugated steel pipe band connectors; (c) band angle connector (after American Iron and Steel Institute, Modern Sewer Design, 1980). (d) Details of an O-ring compression joint for…

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from article Sewage collection systems

Diagram of a mechanical compression water stop and seal. (Link Seal, Thunderline Corp., Wayne, Michigan)

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from article Sewage collection systems

Some typical sewer manholes with standard 24-in. (61-cm) cover and frame. (a) Inside drop. (b) Outside drop. (c) Unit for a large sewer. (After R. L. Linsley and J. B. Franzini, Water Resources Engineering, 3d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1979)

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from article Sewage collection systems

Drop manhole detail. (a) Vertical section. (b) Horizontal section (A-A in part a). (After National Clay Pipe Institute, Clay Pipe Engineering Manual, 1962)

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from article Sewage collection systems

Typical house sewer connection. (After Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., and G. Tchobanoglous, Wastewater Engineering: Collection and Pumping of Wastewater, McGraw-Hill, 1981)

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from article Sewage collection systems

Typical stormwater street inlets. (a) Gutter. (b) Curb. (c) Combination; grate placed directly in front of curb opening and depressed. (d) Multiple; undepressed. (After Joint Committee of American Society of Civil Engineers and Water Pollution…

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from article Sewage collection systems

Typical catch basin with removable hood trap for cleanout. (Neenah Foundry Co., Neenah, Wisconsin)

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from article Sewage collection systems

Typical contract plan and profile sheet for sewer lateral. (a) Plan. (b) Profile; numbers on horizontal axis refer to sites with same numbers in part a. MH = manhole. Sta = Station. Inv. El. = Invert elevation. RCP = reinforced concrete pipe. S =…

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from article Sewage collection systems

Hydraulic profile for uniform flow condition, showing values at points U and D.

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from article Sewage collection systems

Hydraulic element graphs for conditions of partial flow in terms of full section. (a) Pipe-arch section. (b) Circular section. (After American Iron and Steel Institute, Modern Sewer Design, 1980)

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from article Rhinoceros

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from article Ferret

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from article Siphonostomatoida

Siphonostomatoida. (a) Representative siphonostomatoid mandible; (b) brachiform maxilla (after Z. Kabata, Parasitic Copepoda of British Fishes, vol. 152, Ray Society, London, 1979). (c) Representative female caligid; (d) female Pennella (after P. A.…

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from article Holothuroidea

Cucumaria, a representative holothurian.

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from article Holothuroidea

Holothurian anatomy.

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from article Engineering

Test firing of NASA’s 3D-printed rocket engine nozzle. 3D printing allows engineers to test new prototypes, including objects designed with multiple materials, speeding the development process and time. (Credit: NASA/MSFC/David Olive)

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from article Turboprop

Typical turboprop configurations. (a) Fixed-turbine turboprop. (b) Free-turbine turboprop. (c) Offset-gearbox turboprop. (d) Counterrotating turboprop. (e) Unducted fan, an ungeared, counterrotating, pusher turboprop. (After R. C. Hawkins, Unducted…

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from article Turboprop

Typical turboprop installations. (a) Conventional tractor-type single-rotation turboprop (Saab Corp.). (b) Unducted fan, a pusher-type counterrotating turboprop (GE Aircraft Engines).

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from article Thermostat

Typical heat-cool thermostat. (Honeywell Inc.)

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from article Thermostat

Comparison of temperature variations using a timed on-off thermostat with and without heat anticipation.

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from article Bridge

Corpus Christi Harbor Bridge, a through-arch bridge, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA. (Credit: Brian Kanof/McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Bridge

Typical bridge elevation.

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from article Bridge

Cast-in-place concrete deck under construction. (Courtesy of Lian Duan)

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from article Bridge

A typical steel-grid bridge deck.

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from article Bridge

Typical components of orthotropic deck bridges with (a) open ribs and (b) closed ribs. (From M. S. Troitsky, Orthotropic Steel Deck Bridges, 2d ed., JFL Arch Welding Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 1987. Courtesy of The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding…

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from article Bridge

Typical shapes of small piers for small bridges.

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from article Bridge

Typical abutments: (a) wingless; (b) straight wing; (c) U-shaped; (d) beveled wing; (e) arch bridge abutment.

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from article Bridge

Typical shallow foundation. P = vertical load, D = embedment depth, B = width.

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from article Bridge

Typical deep foundations: (a) anchor, (b) shaft, (c) pile, and (d) caisson.

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from article Humidification

An example of a psychrometric chart.

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from article Humidification

Schematic of air conditioning humidifier.

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from article Humidification

Cutaway view of large industrial counterflow cooling tower. (Fluor Products Co.)

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from article Process engineering

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from article Process engineering

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from article Process engineering

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from article Process engineering

Twelve degrees of freedom of a workpiece.

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from article Process engineering

Three views of a workpiece.

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from article Zosterophyllopsida

Examples of Devonian Zosterophyllopsida. (a) Reconstruction of the Early Devonian Zosterophyllum rhenanum, here depicted as an aquatic plant (after R. Kräusel and H. Weyland, Neue Pflanzenfunde im rheinischen Unterdevon, Palaeontographica B,…

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from article Optical material

Transmission range for a variety of optical materials. The bars indicate the wavelength region for which the external transmittance for a 1-mm-thick sample of the material is greater than 10% when measured at room temperature. The wavelength scale…

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from article Optical material

Transmission versus wavelength for several optical materials. The wavelength scale is logarithmic.

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from article Optical material

Refractive index versus wavelength for several optical materials. The wavelength scale is logarithmic.

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from article Optical material

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from article Optical material

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from article Sexually transmitted diseases

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this image, a human T cell (blue) is under attack by HIV (yellow), hampering the effectiveness of the body's immune…

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from article Sexually transmitted diseases

Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (the most-common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen) among individuals aged 14 to 39. The prevalence varies by sex, race/ethnicity, and age. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. (Credit: U.S. Centers…

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from article Sexually transmitted diseases

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from article Calanoida

Diaptomus. (a) Lateral view of male. (b) Dorsal view of female.

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from article Ophiuroidea

Representative ophiuroids, which have a quite distinctive shape. (a) Ophiopeza cylindrica (alternatively, Pectinura cylindrica). (b) Asteroporpa australiensis (alternatively, Astroporpa wilsoni). (c) Gorgonocephalus chilensis.

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from article Ophiuroidea

External features of the ophiuroid Amphiura. (a) Aboral view. (b) Adoral view.

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from article Forging

Closed-die forging terminology.

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from article Forging

Formation of a defect in closed-die forging.

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from article Forging

Operation principle of swaging machine.

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from article Tetanus

Photomicrograph showing endospores forming at the ends of Clostridium tetani bacterial cells, which are shaped like small tennis rackets. Clostridium tetani is the causative agent of tetanus. (Credit: Lisa Burgess; copyright © McGraw Hill)

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from article Syphilis

Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum, which is a corkscrew-shaped motile bacterium (spirochete). (Credit: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health)

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from article Particulates

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from article Particulates

States of dispersion of particulates. The double arrows imply reversibility with application of light shearing forces.

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from article Particulates

Methods for representing size distribution. (a) Frequency distribution. (b) Cumulative distribution.

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from article Particulates

Probability graph for showing typical size distributions.

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from article Malacostraca

Caridoid facies. (After E. R. Lankester, ed., A Treatise on Zoology, pt. 7, fasc. 3, A. and C. Black, 1909)

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from article Malacostraca

Representative malacostracan thoracic appendages: (a) biramous ambulatory thoracic appendage of an Anaspidacea; (b) uniramous thoracic walking leg of a Stenopodidea; (c) first maxilliped of a Paguroidea; (d) third maxilliped of a Thalassinoidea; (e)…

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from article Pressurized blast furnace

Diagram of a pressurized blast furnace with a Wurth top. (After R.A.Powell, The blast furnace top of the future, Iron Steel Eng., 50(1):86–90, January 1973)

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from article Virtual reality

The Duke immersive Virtual Environment. (Credit: Courtesy of the Duke University Pratt School of Engineering)

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from article Optical projection systems

Parts of a typical high-intensity-discharge (HID) lamp. (Image courtesy of M. Brennesholtz)

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from article Optical projection systems

Single-panel Digital Light Processing (DLP®) projector. (Image courtesy of M. Brennesholtz)

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from article Optical projection systems

Three-panel transmissive liquid-crystal device (LCD) projector, which uses an HID lamp, a lenslet integrator (not shown), three transmissive LCD panels, and a crossed dichroic prism to merge the three images internally to the projector. (Image…

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from article Optical projection systems

Projection ratios of various systems that all project an image with the same size. 1 ft = 0.3 m. (Image courtesy of M. Brennesholtz)

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from article Optical projection systems

Raster scans in projection systems. (a) A linear horizontal scan, as normally used for CRT projection. (b) Resonant motion along the horizontal axis, as normally used in scanned laser projection. (Image courtesy of M. Brennesholtz)

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from article Gear

Principal features of gear teeth.

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from article Gear

Action of involute gearing. (a) Gear and pinion mounted at normal center distance. (b) Gear and pinion mounted at greater than normal center distance. (After J. E. Shigley, Theory of Machines, McGraw-Hill, 1961)

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from article Gear

Method of generation for face of involute tooth.

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