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from article Zone refining
Zone refining. (a) Passage of a molten zone along the material to be purified. (b) Effect of 1, 5, and 10 zone passes on the impurity distribution along the material.
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from article Zone refining
Industrial techniques. (a) Zone refining on a water-cooled hearth. (b) Electron-beam zone-refining arrangement. (After R. F. Bunshah, ed., Techniques of Metals Research, vol. 1, John Wiley and Sons, 1968)
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from article Phosphatase
Reaction mechanism for the phosphatase-catalyzed hydrolysis of a phosphoric acid ester. Steps: (1) Noncovalent binding of the phosphatase (EH) to the organic substrate (RPO42−). (2) Release of an alcohol from the complex and covalent binding of…
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from article Brittleness
Energy absorbed during fracture versus temperature. Brittle materials absorb much lower energy during fracture than ductile or tough materials. Some materials exhibit a brittle-to-ductile transition that depends on the test temperature.
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from article Brittleness
Scanning electron microscope image of a transgranular cleavage fracture surface in a steel tested at a temperature below its brittle-to-ductile transition. The arrow indicates the likely fracture initiation site.
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from article Fungal genomics
Fungal papers published by year that included the term genome or genomics.
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from article Frequency multiplier
Varactor-diode multiplier.
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from article Frequency multiplier
Locked-oscillator frequency multiplier.
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from article Xylem
Xylem cell types. (a) Wood (xylem) fiber. (b) Tracheid. (c) Vessel member. (d) Xylem parenchyma cell. All can vary widely in structure. (After H. J. Fuller and O. Tippo, College Botany, rev. ed., Holt, 1954)
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from article Xylem
Parts of tracheary elements and associated parenchyma from stem of Aristolochia, as seen in longitudinal section. The secondary walls are stippled. The earliest part of the xylem is at the left. (After K. Esau, Plant Anatomy, 2d ed., John Wiley and…
