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from article Chemical process safety
Fatal accident rate expressed as a 5-year moving average for the period 1960–1982 for a very large chemical company.
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from article Environmental life-cycle impact of alternative aviation fuels
Life cycle of alternative aviation fuels.
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from article Environmental life-cycle impact of alternative aviation fuels
Process flow diagrams for alternative aviation fuels. (a) Sugarcane. (b) Autotrophic algae. (c) The oilseed tree Pongamia pinnata.
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from article Environmental life-cycle impact of alternative aviation fuels
Normalized global warming potential (GWP) contributions of feedstock pathways and conventional aviation fuel for the system expansion method.
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from article Environmental life-cycle impact of alternative aviation fuels
Normalized GWP contribution comparison for the allocation method.
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from article Structural design of high-rise towers
Tall building structures worldwide. Construction completion dates (right to left) range from 1889 to 2010 (a) Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) architectural heights. Although the Eiffel Tower is not a CTBUH tall building, it is…
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from article Structural design of high-rise towers
Model photo of the proposed Millennium Tower in Tokyo Bay. Note the decreasing widths of the elevator and fire exit stairway core with increasing tower height. (Courtesy Foster + Partners, http://www.fosterandpartners.com)
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from article Structural design of high-rise towers
Burj Khalifa (formerly Burj Dubai) (Courtesy Emaar Properties)
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from article Structural design of high-rise towers
Proposed Sky City 1000, with 14 levels and 800 hectares of floor area for offices, residences, commercial spaces, and so on.
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from article Ancient lethal hothouse
Paleogeography reconstruction of the Early Triassic world (left panel), showing that fishes and ichthyosaurs vacated the equator during the Smithian, with tetrapods exclusively occurring in the northern and southern middle to high latitudes…
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from article Ancient lethal hothouse
A scanning electron microscope image of the Early Triassic conodont Neospathodus, which is used for temperature reconstruction in this study.
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from article Oyster mushrooms
(a) King oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus eryngii) fruiting from supplemented cottonseed hull substrate. (b) Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting from straw/cottonseed hull substrate contained in plastic bags. (c) Pleurotus cornucopiae fruiting from cottonseed…
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from article Oyster mushrooms
Nutrients in raw oyster mushrooms based on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration reference serving size of 84 g (3 oz) for raw mushrooms. Oyster mushrooms are not a significant source of saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sugars, vitamin A, or…
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from article Pressure-gain combustion
Temperature-entropy diagram showing the ideal Brayton and Atkinson/Humphrey cycles. Both cycles have the same mechanical compression and fuel-to-air ratio. Subscripts on P (pressure) and T (temperature) refer to circled points shown on the diagram;…
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from article Pressure-gain combustion
Notional PGC device executing a three-phase cycle.
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from article Pressure-gain combustion
Photograph and schematic representation of actual PGC devices. (a) Bank of stationary tubes (chambers) with dynamic inlet valves (used by permission of the Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, OH). (b) Annular ring of rotating tubes with fixed end…
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from article Pressure-gain combustion
PGC performance as shown by total pressure ratio versus total temperature ratio. (a) Measured performance of a resonant pulsed combustion device (red) and predicted performance of an ideal detonative device (green). (b) Schematic of the resonant…
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from article Shape-memory polymers
Molecular mechanism of the thermally induced shape-memory effect of a polymer network Ttrans is the thermal transition temperature related to the switching phase. (Adapted from A. Lendlein and S. Kelch, Shape-memory polymers, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.,…
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from article Shape-memory polymers
Magnetically induced shape-memory effect of a thermoplastic shape-memory composite from nanoparticles consisting of iron(III) oxide in a silica matrix and a poly(etherurethane) exposed to an alternating magnetic field (f = 258 kHz, H = 30 kA·m−1).…
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from article Shape-memory polymers
Series of photographs illustrating the triple-shape effect of an intelligent tube. The triple shape material is a polymer network containing poly(∊-caprolactone) segments and poly(ethylene glycol) side chains. The series shows the recovery of shapes…
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from article Betavoltaics
Schematic of betavoltaic device.
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from article Betavoltaics
Illustration of beta charge generation and collection in a pn semiconductor junction. e− = electron, h = hole, Ev = energy of top of valence band, Ec = energy of bottom of conduction band, EF_p and EF_n are Fermi energies of positively and…
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from article Betavoltaics
I-V (current-voltage) plot of betavoltaic device.
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from article Betavoltaics
Betavoltaic efficiency versus semiconductor band gap. The closed circles are the calculated efficiency of the device as a function of band gap. The open circles are measured values for betavoltaic devices. For the silicon (Si) device, 147Pm is used…
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from article Electrospun polymer nanofibers
A typical setup for electrospinning. The inset shows the whipping process of a nanofiber during electrospinning, as captured using a high-speed camera. (Adapted from J. Xie et al., Electrospun nanofibers for neural tissue engineering, Nanoscale,…
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from article Electrospun polymer nanofibers
Scanning electron microscopy images showing electrospun nanofibers with different alignments. (a) A nonwoven mat of random nanofibers collected on a piece of aluminum foil. (b) A uniaxially aligned array of nanofibers deposited across a rectangular…
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from article Electrospun polymer nanofibers
Fluorescence micrograph revealing the aligned projection of neurites (green). The neurites can replicate the topography of the underlying nanofibers with a uniaxial alignment.
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from article Electrospun polymer nanofibers
Superimposed fluorescence and scanning electron micrographs showing the migration of cells from the periphery to the center, as guided by a scaffold of radially aligned nanofibers. (Adapted from J. Xie et al., Radially aligned electrospun nanofibers…
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from article Self-adaptive design techniques
Autonomic system-on-chip (SoC) platform. (a) Platform with two logical layers. (b) Autonomic element (AE). CPU = central processing unit; LCS = learning classifier system.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Construction of the 1018-m-long Stonecutters Bridge.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Bridge geometry control cycle at each erection stage.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Back span falsework.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Back span concrete girder construction.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Welding of the stiffened panels.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Deck segment assembly.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Heavy lift of the 88-m-long girder units. (Courtesy of AECOM)
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Deck-lifting operations.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Lifting a main span segment.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Trial jacking: main span segment mismatch.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
On-site jacking: main span segment mismatch.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Section model in the wind tunnel.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Aeroelastic tower model: full-height freestanding condition.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Aeroelastic bridge model in the wind tunnel.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Panoramic view of Sutong Bridge.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Bridge elevation.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Tower shaft construction.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Upper tower stay anchor box installation.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Back span segment erection.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Cantilevered segment erection.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Back span closure.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Segment erection cycle.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Main span closure.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Sutong Bridge section model for wind-tunnel testing.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Sutong Bridge aeroelastic bridge model for wind-tunnel testing.
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from article Frontiers of large cable-stayed bridge construction
Night view of the completed Sutong Bridge. (Courtesy China Jiangsu Province Construction Commanding Department)
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from article Color management
An open-loop color-managed system uses a central profile connection space to connect many devices. Images arriving from a camera can be sent to a monitor for viewing or a printer for printing. (Photos left top and left middle courtesy of Nikon, Inc.…
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from article Color management
An example of a printer characterization target (IT8.7/4) that must be printed and measured as part of the process to make a printer profile. The target contains 1617 specially chosen CMYK color patch values.
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from article Color management
In color management the gamut of a device is measured during the characterization process. Here the CIELAB diagram shows the larger gamut of an RGB monitor compared to the much smaller gamut of a CMYK print process.
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from article Chaos control
Magnetoelastic ribbon clamped at its base.
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from article Radio-frequency MEMS
Elements of RF MEMS.
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from article Radio-frequency MEMS
Sketch of parallel-plate capacitor on a wafer.
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from article Radio-frequency MEMS
Block diagram of the adaptive series-LC matching module. It compensates the reactive part of the load impedance by controlling the detected phase ϕZ_DET of the matched impedance to approximately zero. (From A. van Bezoojien et al., RF-MEMS based…
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from article Wave slamming
Example of wave slamming of a scaled model of a ship. (a) Ship bow is out of water. (b) Ship reenters sea surface with high vertical velocity. (c) Rapid increase in wetted area moments after initial impact. (d) Rapid increase in wetted area at end…
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from article Wave slamming
Example of a slam-induced pressure measurement. 1 lb/in.2 = 6.9 kPa.
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from article Wave slamming
Example of (a) local structural damage (or “plate dishing”) and (b) localized cracking due to a slam event.
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from article Wave slamming
Representation of a structural loads model (a scaled ship model that is tested in selected wave conditions to determine structural loads).
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from article Wave slamming
Examples of responses of a scaled model, recorded during testing and scaled to a full-size ship. (a) Measured global response, showing high-frequency whipping events and low-frequency response to ordinary wave-induced loads. Bending moment is…
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from article Tetrapod origins
Paleogeographical map showing the distribution of continents and seas during the Late Devonian, and the position of the localities that have produced tetrapod remains. 1, Pennsylvanian Red Hill (U.S.); 2, Scat Craig (Scotland); 3, East Greenland; 4,…
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from article Wide-band-gap III-nitride semiconductors
Energy gap and corresponding photon wavelength versus lattice parameter for some elemental and III–V semiconductors.
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from article Wide-band-gap III-nitride semiconductors
Transmission electron microscope cross section of a III-nitride LED on sapphire, where the vertical lines are dislocations.
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from article Low-speed aircraft
Airfoils from the early twentieth century. (a) Thin airfoil (Göttingen 342). (b) Thick airfoil (Göttingen 387).
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from article Low-speed aircraft
1918 Fokker D-8 fighter plane. (National Air and Space Museum)
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from article Low-speed aircraft
Wings with boundary-layer turbulation. (a) Multispar construction. V = air velocity relative to wing. (b) Wing with turbulators mounted on upper surface and ahead of leading edge.
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from article Low-speed aircraft
Time-averaged laminar separation bubble. (Courtesy of the University of Notre Dame)
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from article Low-speed aircraft
Micro air vehicle, Mentor. The total span (tip-to-tip distance on the wings) is 14 in. (36 cm).
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from article Wave energy converters
LIMPET Oscillating Water Column, a 500-kW plant built and grid-connected by Voith Hydro Wavegen in 2000, located at Claddach Farm on the Rhinns of Islay, Scotland.
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from article Wave energy converters
Test section of a 600-kW machine installed by Wave Star Energy at Hantsholm, Denmark, in 2009 and grid-connected since 2010.
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from article Wave energy converters
The 750-kW, E-ON, P2 wave energy converter at the European Marine Energy Centre, at Billia Croo, Orkney, Scotland, installed and grid-connected by Pelamis Wave Power in October 2010. (Photograph Courtesy of Pelamis Wave Power)
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from article Wave energy converters
Oyster 1, a 315-kW hydroelectric wave energy converter under test at the European Marine Energy Centre at Billia Croo, Orkney, Scotland, installed and grid-connected by Aquamarine Power in the Autumn of 2009. (Photograph Courtesy of Aquamarine Power)
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from article Wave energy converters
The four subsystems comprising a generic wave energy converter.
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from article Wave energy converters
Development stages of a marine energy project from initial concept to commercial deployment, showing the environment considerations (green), engineering (red), and economic assessment (aqua).
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from article Wave energy converters
Power matrix for the Pelamis (P-750) wave energy converter. (Reproduced from the P750 brochure, http://www.pelamiswave.com/media/pelamisbrochure.pdf)
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from article Wave energy converters
Classification of hydrodynamic subsystems in terms of the exciting force on the primary component.
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from article Polymeric molecular magnets
The molecular linkers that hold polymeric molecular magnets together are typically neutral or anionic ligands. These molecules act as Lewis bases that form coordination bonds with Lewis acid transition-metal cations. Hybrid materials that possess…
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from article Polymeric molecular magnets
Polymeric molecular magnets are typically formed through solution techniques that involve combining solutions that contain cationic metal nodes with solutions of anionic or neutral ligands that act as molecular linkers. Crystals are typically grown…
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from article Polymeric molecular magnets
Dimensionalities of anionic dicyanamide polymeric molecular magnets. Metal nodes are illustrated as large balls and the 5-atom dicyanamide ligands. The nitrile nitrogen atoms of adjacent dicyanamide ligands that propagate the polymer are illustrated…
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from article Deep seabed mining
The four basic methods of mining.
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from article Deep seabed mining
Basic mining system for deep seabed minerals. (Courtesy of International Seabed Authority)
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from article Ventilation and climate control of deep mines
Components of a mine ventilation and climate-control system.
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from article Ground-based measurement of solar ultraviolet radiation
Erythemal action spectrum illustrating wavelength range affecting human sunburn. The solid black line is the McKinley/Diffey erythemal action spectrum for sunburn, which is used to determine the effectiveness of UV in causing sunburn. The blue line…
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from article Ground-based measurement of solar ultraviolet radiation
Location of sites in the EPA's UV monitoring network.
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from article Ground-based measurement of solar ultraviolet radiation
UV trend measured in percentage per year by wavelength (nm). The red line displays the overall regional trend and the black line displays the trend for individual monitor locations.
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from article Ground-based measurement of solar ultraviolet radiation
Operational UV monitor located in Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota.
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from article Options for future methane- and LNG-fueled aircraft
Current and projected costs of conventional jet fuel and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Natural gas is expected to maintain a 2-to-1 or better cost advantage over conventional jet fuel out to 2035 and beyond. (Copyright © 2012 Boeing; all rights…
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from article Options for future methane- and LNG-fueled aircraft
Side views of (a) a current turbofan aircraft and (b) an LNG-fueled turbofan. For balance, fore and aft cryogenic LNG tanks were added to a stretched fuselage. Other integrations are possible, such as a cylindrical tank installed above the circular…
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from article Options for future methane- and LNG-fueled aircraft
Comparison of four LNG engine architectures that were investigated for use in commercial aircraft in the NASA study. They included a low-emission natural gas combustor, a solid-oxide fuel cell, an aft boundary-layer-ingesting (BLI) fan, and an…
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from article Options for future methane- and LNG-fueled aircraft
LNG configuration in the NASA study that was called the SUGAR (Subsonic Ultra Green Aircraft Research) Freeze (“freeze” because of the use of cryogenic LNG as the fuel). In this version, a fan that is used to cancel the fuselage boundary-layer drag…
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from article Space flight, 1998
First two components of the International Space Station, Node 1 (Unity) and FGB (Zarya). (a) Components being assembled in the cargo bay of the space shuttle Endeavour during a spacewalk by astronauts Jerry L. Ross and James H. Newman. (b) Mated…
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from article Space flight, 1998
Simulated view of the north polar region of Mars from an altitude of 740 mi (1200 km), obtained by Mars Global Surveyor in September 1998. The swirled pattern at top center is an area of polar layered deposits covered in part by the permanent north…
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from article Space flight, 1998
Three-dimensional view of Mars's north pole during spring and summer of 1998, obtained from approximately 2.6 million measurements by a laser altimeter aboard Mars Global Surveyor. The ice cap is about 750 mi (1200 km) across, with a maximum…
