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from article Hydroformylation
Oxo process with fixed catalyst bed.
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from article Hydroformylation
Slurry process, in which the catalyst is carried with the liquid reactant.
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from article Computer virus
Some viruses are more destructive than others, causing devastation or theft of data. (Credit: iStockphoto.com/Zmeel Photography)
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from article Computer virus
Purposes for creating viruses.
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from article Computer virus
Daily virus threats experienced by large organizations.
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from article Computer virus
Examples of vulnerabilities to computer viruses.
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from article Computer programming
Program code. (Credit: Max Delson Martins Santos/Getty Images)
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from article Agricultural aircraft
An agricultural aircraft applying pesticide over a field. (Credit: BrianBrownImages/Getty Images)
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from article Agricultural aircraft
Application equipment for fixed-wing agricultural aircraft. The spraying equipment is shown on the aircraft, and a ram-air-type spreader for dry materials is shown below the aircraft.
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from article Agricultural aircraft
Application equipment for rotary-wing agricultural aircraft. (a) Helicopter with spray equipment attached. (b) Dry equipment. (c) Detail of hopper and spinner.
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from article Amino acid
Structural formula for an amino acid. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Amino acid
The 20 amino acids that serve as the building blocks for proteins. These amino acids (shown with their respective three-letter abbreviations) can be divided into nonpolar, polar, and electrically charged groups. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Amino acid
Synthesis of a dipeptide. When an amino group of one amino acid is linked to the carboxyl group of another amino acid, a peptide bond linkage is formed. A molecule of water (H2O) is split out when a peptide bond is formed. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Amino acid
Two-dimensional chromatogram of a protein. (Credit: R. J. Block, E. L. Durrum, and G. Zweig)
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from article Arc welding
Fundamental connections of electric equipment and workpiece for arc welding.
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from article Arc welding
Welding arc for a covered metal electrode.
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from article Arc welding
Schematic diagram of automatic wire feed and control for arc welding.
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from article Arc welding
Inert-gas-shielded metal welding arc.
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from article Arc welding
Schematic diagram of a typical alternating-current arc welder.
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from article Arc welding
Schematic diagram of a typical direct-current arc welder.
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from article Arc discharge
Anode soot or fireball in argon. (From B. Song, N. D'Angelo, and R. L. Merlino, On anode spots, double layers and plasma contractors, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 24:1789–1795, 1991)
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from article Dielectric heating
Basic assembly for dielectric heating
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from article Mitochondrial replacement therapy
Spindle transfer involves the excision of the metaphase II spindle from a donor egg and replacing it with the metaphase II spindle from the affected egg. The metaphase II spindle contains the condensed chromosomes of the egg's haploid genome. Terms:…
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from article Mitochondrial replacement therapy
Cytoplasmic transplantation involves the addition of a donor's ooplasm (cytoplasm in an oocyte) to the recipient oocyte prior to fertilization. Terms: ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; nDNA, nuclear DNA. (Credit:…
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from article Mitochondrial replacement therapy
Pronuclear transfer requires that both the donor and affected eggs be fertilized by the father's sperm simultaneously in vitro. Following fertilization and once pronuclei are visible by microscopy, the two pronuclei from the donor egg are removed,…
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from article Teleconferencing
A typical teleconference. (Courtesy of Lifesize, www.lifesize.com)
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from article Electropolishing
Anode current versus anode voltage in electropolishing.
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from article Epitaxial structures
Matching of lattice planes between the substrate and the epitaxial layer by (a) expansion or contraction of lattice plane, (b) in-plane rotation, and (c) tilting (out-of-plane rotation).
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from article Epitaxial structures
Misfit accommodation occurs (a) between the epitaxial layer and the substrate through the presence of interfacial misfit dislocations and (b) by atomic steps at an interface where the epitaxial film is tilted with respect to the substrate.
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from article Epitaxial structures
Schematic illustration of the tetragonal distortion effect to accommodate purely dilational strained-layer epitaxial structure.
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from article Epitaxial structures
Modes of epitaxial growth: (a) Frank–van der Merwe mode producing a complete wetting of epitaxial layers. (b) Volmer-Weber mode with totally incomplete wetting resulting in an island growth structure. (c) Stranski- Krastanov mode with initial layer…
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from article Oil shale
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from article Oil shale
C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of organic matter in two United States oil shale samples. (a) Colorado oil shale, 80% aliphatic carbon content with 69% conversion of organic carbon to oil. (b) Kentucky oil shale, 52% aliphatic…
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from article Oil shale
Oil shale deposits of the United States. (Courtesy of John Ward Smith)
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from article Oil shale
Oil shale retorting systems: (a) internally heated, (b) externally heated.
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from article Drying
Drying-time and drying-rate curves illustrating the general problem of drying: (1) Curves typical of a layer of thin material with most of the drying in the constant rate. (2) A more general case in which two stages in the falling-rate period occur.…
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from article Drying
Equilibrium moisture content of miscellaneous organic materials at 70°F (21°C): 1, leather; 2, tobacco; 3, soap; 4, wood; 5 catgut; 6, glue.
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from article Drying
Classification of dryers, based on methods of heat transfer.
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from article Drying
Diagram of path of travel of permeable bed of wet material through a three-unit through-circulation dryer. (Proctor and Schwartz, Inc.)
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from article Drying
Single-shell direct rotary using steam-heated air and balanced pressure by means of a blower and exhauster. (Hardinge Co.)
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from article Drying
Dispersion dryer.
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from article Drying
Spray dryers. (a) Cocurrent. (b) Countercurrent.
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from article Drying
Fluidized-bed dryer.
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from article Drying
Typical vacuum rotary dryer. (Blaw-Knox Co.)
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from article Drying
Double-drum dryer with pipe feed. (Buflovak Equipment Division, Blaw-Knox Co.)
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from article Beryllium metallurgy
Flow sheet for the extraction of BeO from beryl by means of the fluoride process. (Beryllium Corp.)
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from article Beryllium metallurgy
Flow sheet for the extraction of beryllium oxide, BeO, from beryl by the sulfate process. (Brush Beryllium Co.)
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from article Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is caused by the tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (Left) Colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicting some of the ultrastructural details seen in the cell wall configuration of a number of Gram-positive…
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from article Tuberculosis
Annual number of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the United States from 1992 to 2017. During this time period, there has been a decline in the prevalence of tuberculosis. However, the progression of decline has slowed since 2013 (indicated by the purple…
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from article Tuberculosis
Skin testing for tuberculosis, using the Mantoux test. (a) Tuberculin PPD (purified protein derivative) is injected into the dermis. A small bleb develops, but is absorbed within a short time. (b) After 48–72 h, the skin reaction is read and given a…
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from article Tuberculosis
Chest radiograph (posteroanterior view) showing extensive tuberculosis with cavitation in the right lung. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Drawing of metal
Cross section of drawing die.
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from article Drawing of metal
Examples of tube drawing processes. (a) Tube drawn through a die. (b) Tube drawing using an internal mandrel.
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from article Oncology
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a human brain showing a tumor. The bright blue color indicates the location where the brain cancer metastasizes in the occipital lobe. (Credit: Leon Kaufman, University of California, San Francisco/National Cancer…
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from article Oncology
Human malignant osteosarcoma (bone cancer) cells taken from a leg mass. (Credit: Lance Liotta/National Cancer Institute)
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from article Oncology
Light micrograph of an adenocarcinoma of the colon. The tumor cells have made several acini, containing mucinous material and inflammatory cells. (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo)
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from article Oncology
Light micrograph of a section through a squamous carcinoma of the skin. Whorls of enclosed keratin (green, center left) are a common feature. (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo)
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from article Oncology
Gompertzian growth kinetics. (a) Growth fraction declines exponentially over time. (b) Growth rate of a tumor, which is a measure of the absolute number of dividing cells plotted as a function of time. (c) Tumor size as a function of time.
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from article Vitamin D
Conversion of vitamin D to its active form (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) in the human body. Vitamin D3 can be produced in skin by the ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. It also can be obtained from the diet. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill…
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from article Centrifugation
Laboratory centrifuge. (Credit: McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Centrifugation
Centrifuge used in the development of new therapeutic molecules based on human antibodies for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases, Biotherapix, Grupo Genetrix, Madrid, Spain. (Credit: Pixtal/AGE Fotostock)
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from article Tumor
Light micrograph of malignant tumor cells in colon tissue. The cancerous tumor cells have made several acini (saclike structures) containing mucinous material and inflammatory cells. (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock…
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from article Tumor
Colored magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of an axial section through the brain showing a metastatic tumor (colored red and yellow). Metastatic cancer is a secondary disease spread from cancer elsewhere in the body. Metastatic brain tumors are…
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from article Semiconductor
Energy diagram of a surface barrier as employed in an n-type semiconductor.
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from article Semiconductor
Energy diagram for a metal (left) and an n-type semiconductor (right). E0 is the potential energy of an electron outside the material, Ec is the energy at the bottom of the conduction band, and Ev is the energy at the top of the valence band. (a)…
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from article Semiconductor
Energy diagrams of a rectifying contact between a metal and a semiconductor: (a) n-type semiconductor; (b) p-type semiconductor.
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from article Semiconductor
Energy diagrams of a rectifying contact between a metal and an n-type semiconductor under an applied voltage V. (a) Positive semiconductor. There is a net flow of electrons from metal to semiconductor. (b) Negative semiconductor. There is a net flow…
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from article Phase inverter
Phase inverter using operational amplifiers.
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from article Phase inverter
Single-transistor inverter.
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from article Phase inverter
Emitter-coupled phase inverter.
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from article Phase inverter
Transformer, simplest form of phase-inverter circuit. The turns ratio is represented by k.
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from article Aircraft testing
XV-15 tilt-rotor research aircraft in (a) airplane, (b) conversion, and (c) helicopter mode. (Photos courtesy of NASA)
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from article Aircraft testing
Scale model of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner in the test section of a transonic wind tunnel. (Photo courtesy of Boeing)
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from article Aircraft testing
Free-flying scale model aircraft in wind tunnel; attached cable contains sensors and other measurement instruments. (Photo courtesy of NASA)
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from article Aircraft testing
Often aircraft components requiring testing are massive. (Airbus)
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from article Aircraft testing
Large anechoic chamber for testing jet noise. (Photo courtesy of QinetiQ)
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from article Aircraft testing
Concorde full airframe thermal-fatigue test. (Courtesy of HMSO)
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from article Aircraft testing
Aircraft explosion trial. (Photo courtesy of QinetiQ)
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from article Aircraft testing
Test instrumentation installed for flight testing.
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from article Scramjet
Operation of a scramjet.
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from article Scramjet
Performance Test Engine (PTE).
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from article Scramjet
GDE-1 test at Mach 4.5.
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from article WiMAX broadband wireless communications
Fixed and mobile WiMAX services.
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from article WiMAX broadband wireless communications
WiMAX Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS) using multiple-input techniques. (a) Increased robustness using multiple input–single output (MISO). (b) Increased capacity using multiple input–multiple output (MIMO).
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from article Touch-screen display
Doctor using a touch-screen tablet. (Credit: John Lamb/Getty Images)
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from article Touch-screen display
Capacitive touch sensor. (a) A single electrode is brought to a potential +V, and the resulting charge accumulated is recorded and determines the capacitance of the electrode. (b) The electrode is still held at potential +V, but because of the…
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from article Touch-screen display
In mutual capacitance sensing, two electrodes are used. The potential difference between them is changed by a small amount dV, and the resulting change of charge on one of them is examined. In the presence of a finger, this amount of charge differs,…
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from article Touch-screen display
Optical-over-the-display method. (a) Two cameras are inspecting the surface parallel to the display, while 18 light sources are distributed around the edges. Each camera in this specific scenario has a view of 12 of the light sources. (b) Once a…
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from article Touch-screen display
Optical-in-the-display method. Looking through a cross section of the cover glass on the display, we see one light source launching light into the glass, which serves as a waveguide. When the finger touches the glass, some of the light leaks…
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from article Touch-screen display
Resistive method. (a) Cross section of typical resistive sensor. Two conductive layers are laminated on transparent material (glass, clear plastic, or a similar material), and are kept with a small space between them (usually about 40 μm). (b)…
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from article Tail assembly
Tail assembly configurations. (a) Normal configuration. (b) T-tail. (c) V-tail. (d) Twin-tail. (e) Uncanted twin vertical tails. (f) Canted twin tails.
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from article Tail assembly
F-35A Joint Strike Fighter, with canted tails. (Photograph copyrighted by Lockheed Martin)
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from article Clinical pathology
A disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility plate is used by clinical pathologists to assess antibiotic action by measuring zones of inhibition surrounding antibiotic-impregnated filter paper disks.
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from article Clinical pathology
Clinical pathology laboratory at Christus Santa Rosa Hospital, San Antonio, Texas, 1923.
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from article Clinical pathology
Overview of an automated chemical analysis system. Specimen racks are placed on a movable track that moves sequentially through sampling, read-out, and reporting stations in the course of multitest analyses.
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from article Clinical pathology
Microscopic examination of a stained peripheral blood smear. The field of view used for cell identification observed by the microscopist is projected on the monitor screen located behind the microscope.
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from article Clinical pathology
Capillary electrophoresis is used for DNA sequencing. Data are processed by a computer, which then converts the findings into a graphic display. This information is used to identify mutations, deletions, and insertions relating to human disease.
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from article Clinical pathology
Examination of an agarose gel with an ultraviolet light source to identify diagnostic fragments of DNA.
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from article Y-delta transformations
Three-terminal star, or Y.
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from article Y-delta transformations
Three-terminal mesh, or Δ.
