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Dilute alloys of base metals which contain a few percent of beryllium (Be) in a precipitation-hardening system. They are the principal useful beryllium alloys manufactured today. Although beryllium has some solid solubility in copper, silver, gold,…

Production of beryllium and its compounds uses 4000–10,000 tons (3600–9000 metric tons) per year of the mineral beryl. The variant amounts of raw materials reflect wide differences in production rates for the beryllium industry. Beryl, a…

The establishment of an operating point on the transistor volt-ampere characteristics by means of direct voltages and currents. Biasing bipolar transistors Since the transistor is a three-terminal device, any one of the three terminals may be used…

The collection, storage, and management of huge amounts of digital information. Databases falling into the realm of big data often begin in the hundreds of terabytes but can range up to petabytes (1015) or greater in size.The main characteristics…

The application of engineering principles to conceive, design, develop, operate, and/or use processes and products based on biological and biochemical phenomena. Biochemical engineering (also known as biomolecular engineering because of the emphasis…

A discipline in which biotechnology and electronics are joined in at least three areas of research and development: biosensors, molecular electronics, and neuronal interfaces. Some workers in the field include so-called biochips and biocomputers in…

The production of ethanol from biomass via fungal enzymatic methods. Fungal enzymes are naturally occurring proteins that can cause certain chemical reactions to occur in plants, for instance in their structural and storage polysaccharides. Fungi,…

The use of naturally occurring microorganisms to dissolve metals from minerals. This biotechnical process, involving bacteria, archaea, fungi, and yeast, can be applied to both sulfide and nonsulfide minerals. At present, bioleaching is employed on…

Technologies that employ a distinctive, measurable biological or behavioral characteristic that can reliably distinguish one individual from another (biometric) for authentication, identification, and verification of individuals. Biometric…

A device manufactured or engineered to provide an adequate environment for biological reactions to occur. A bioreactor is designed and operated to provide optimal conditions for the growth and metabolic activity of microbial, animal, insect or plant…

The process in which natural coloring matter is removed from a fiber to make it white. The process may be used on fiber, yarn, or fabric. Prior to the bleaching of a fabric, preliminary purification processes should be used. These processes remove…

A series of professional operations including editing, designing, typography, platemaking, printing, and binding to transform a manuscript and its related illustrations into book form.Books follow a distinctive technique in assembling and binding…

An alloy of copper and zinc. In manufacture, lump zinc is added to molten copper, and the mixture is poured either into castings ready for use or into billets for further working by rolling, extruding, forging, or a similar process. Brasses…

A construction material usually made of clay (or shale) and extruded or molded as a rectangular block. Three types of clay are used in the manufacture of bricks: surface clay, fire clay, and shale. Adobe brick is a sun-dried molded mix of clay,…