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Project

3D Floor Plan

Floor plans show walls, windows, doors, and other features of a room or building. Architects and engineers use them to study spatial relationships and describe their designs. Typically, floor plans are rendered as two-dimensional drawings.In this…

Project

3D Skull Candy Mold

Whether preparing for Halloween or just a regular day, you can make skull-shaped edibles from this project's 3D candy mold. Like many molds, this one is a hollow container into which you can pour water or hot liquids, such as gelatin, chocolate, or…

Project

3D Spur Gear

A spur gear is a common toothed wheel that works with other wheels in a set to adjust the speed, power, or direction of a complex machine. It's found in many everyday devices, such as electric screwdrivers, washing machines, and mechanical clocks…

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3D Terrain Map

Terrain maps are physical models that give you an at-a-glance overview of landforms. Architects, builders, and engineers often use these types of maps to provide context to proposed building designs. In this project, you'll create a layered…

Project

3x3x3 LED Cube

LEDs (light-emitting diodes) are rectifying semiconductor devices that convert electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. You can use these devices to create a 3-dimensional light display. LED cubes require some care and good soldering skills…

Project

Arduino Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope is a device that allows you to see an electronic signal so that it appears as a waveform. Traditional oscilloscopes work by amplifying a signal to control the position of a dot on the y-axis (vertical axis) of a cathode-ray tube…

Project

Jumbo Foam Glider

This project takes you through the steps to build, launch, and fly a foam glider in sustained and controlled flight. Control in flight is achieved by modifying the wind the glider flies through with a large cardboard sheet (paddle). If this is your…

Project

Levitation Machine

This project allows you to use electromagnetic levitation to suspend a globe of the world above a surface. The "globe" is actually a table tennis ball painted to look like a globe. Keeping it in place requires careful control of electrical current…

Project

Light and Temperature Logger

Environmental research often involves the use of data loggers to record data at regular intervals over a period of time. Most data loggers are based on digital processors, and can be fairly expensive, but you can build your own. This project uses a…

Project

Pulse Generator Circuits

A pulse generator circuit is an important building block for many electronic projects, such as the heart of a digital clock. Its purpose is basically to switch an output on and off for as long as the circuit is activated. Sometimes, these circuits…

Project

Text-Controlled RGB LED

A red, green, and blue (RGB) light-emitting diode (LED) is a useful electronic component that can produce visible light in a variety of colors. This is done by varying the intensity of the light output of the three different color LED elements (red,…

Project

Tumblewing Walkalong Glider

This project takes you through the steps to build, launch,and fly a paper airplane (glider) in sustained and controlled flight. Control in flight is achieved by modifying the wind the glider flies through with a large cardboard sheet or foam board…

Project

Ultralight Foam Glider

This project takes you through the steps to build, launch, and fly an ultralight foam glider in sustained and controlled flight. Controlled flight is achieved by modifying the wind the glider flies through with a large cardboard sheet, or paddle.The…

Project

Wind Lantern

In this project, you will build a small, vertical-axis wind turbine, or VAWT for short. VAWTs are not as efficient as their horizontal-axis cousins, but they are better suited to urban environments where wind can come from different…

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from article Commutator

Commutator and brush assembly with coil connections for lap winding.

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from article Commutator

Cutaway view of a direct-current motor [2250-hp (1678-kW), 300/600-rpm metal rolling mill motor], showing the commutator and the typical brush assembly. (Courtesy of General Electric)

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from article Electrostatic precipitator

Diagram of simple precipitator. A, corona wire; B, grounded tube.

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from article Electrostatic precipitator

Diagram of two-stage precipitator. A, grounded cylinders; B, corona wires; C, grounded collector plates; D, charged plates of polarity similar to B.

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from article Cofferdam

Types of cofferdams. For use on land: (a) cross-braced sheet piles; (b) cast-in-place concrete cylinder; (c) anchored sheet piles; (d) braced vertical piles with horizontal sheeting. For use in water: (e) cross-braced sheet piles; (f) earth dam; (g)…

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from article Mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineers are involved in the design and manufacture of robots as well as the use of robotics in manufacturing. (Credit: Shutterstock/Nataliya Hora)

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from article Placer mining

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from article Placer mining

California bucketline dredge.

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from article Placer mining

Aerial oblique view upvalley over the site of a placer dredging, in which successive cuts, tailing patterns, and dredge pond are shown. The dredge appears in the left foreground. (Pacific Aerial Survey, Inc.)

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from article Placer mining

Dragline dredge and pond. (Bucyrus-Erie Co.)

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from article Placer mining

Types of riffles in partial plan views. (a) Pole riffles. (b) Hungarian riffle (1 in. = 2.5 cm). (c) Oroville Hungarian riffle. (d) All-steel sluice. (After G. J. Young, Elements of Mining, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1946)

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from article Illumination

Spectral response of human eye to radiation. (After W. B. Boast, Illumination Engineering, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1953)

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from article Illumination

Ideal reflection. (a) Specular, such as from a polished surface. (b) Diffuse, such as from a that surface of microscopic roughness. (After W. B. Boast, Illumination Engineering, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1953)

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from article Illumination

Typical reflection characteristics. (a) Practical mat surface. (b) Semimat surface. (c) Semimat surface at large angle of incidence. (d) Porcelain-enameled steel. Broken-line curves in a and d illustrate ideal cosine distribution. (After W. B.…

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from article Illumination

Spatial characteristics of ideal transmission media. (a) Specular. (b) Diffuse. (After W. B. Boast, Illumination Engineering, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1953)

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from article Illumination

Transmission characteristics. (a) Solid opal glass. (b) Flashed opal glass. (c) Sand-blasted glass. (d) Sand-blasted glass, incident light at 30° from plane at surface. (After W. B. Boast, Illumination Engineering, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1953)

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from article Illumination

Process of evaluating the luminous exitance of a reflecting surface after evaluating the illumination. (a) Spectral irradiation Gλcurve. (b) Spectral luminous efficiency vλ curve. (c) Curve of vλGλ. Illumination is the area under this curve, the…

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from article Nanostructure

Schematic of four basic types of nanostructured materials, classified according to integral modulation dimensionality. (a) Dimensionality 0: clusters of any aspect ratio from 1 to infinity. (b) Dimensionality 1: multilayers. (c) Dimensionality 2:…

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from article Nanostructure

Optical properties of cadmium sulfide (CdS) cluster assemblages. (a) Optical absorption spectra of CdS clusters in sodalite cages of zeolite Y for two different loadings compared to that for bulk CdS (micrometer size). (b) Cage structure of zeolite…

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from article Electronic test equipment

Automatic test equipment for testing microelectronic devices. (Rockwell International)

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from article Drafting

Use of template in drafting.

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from article Drafting

Loft drawing of body stack for airplane fuselage. (Lockheed)

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from article Hydroelectric generator

Large hydroelectric generator. (Westinghouse Electric Corp.)

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from article Caliper

Some typical machinist's calipers. (a) Outside. (b) Inside. (c) Hermaphrodite. (After R. J. Sweeney, Measurement Techniques in Mechanical Engineering, Wiley, 1953)

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from article Surface-acoustic-wave devices

Operating principle of a surface-acoustic-wave delay line. (a) Device layout. (b) Cross section of substrate and transducers, showing electric fields at times τ and τ + T/2.

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from article Surface-acoustic-wave devices

Transducer arrangements based on (a) single split electrode, (b) double split electrode, and (c) Electrode-Width-Controlled/Single-Phase Unidirectional Transducer (EWC/SPUDT).

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from article Surface-acoustic-wave devices

Insertion loss for leaky-SAW device using 36° YX lithium tantalate.

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from article Surface-acoustic-wave devices

One-port SAW resonator design. The key dimensional parameters are dr, dg, dt, a, and w. The grating reflectors (R) are designed to create standing waves, forming a resonant cavity.

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from article Electroscope

Electroscope. (a) Being charged by induction by negative charge on hard-rubber rod R. (b) Positive charge left on its leaf after induction process is complete. (c) Testing the sign of an unknown charge on test ball T.

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from article Video streaming

Video streaming on the latency requirements scale.

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from article Video streaming

Video streaming to a mobile device.

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from article Video streaming

Prediction in video coding.

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from article Interference-free circuitry

Common-conductor coupling of two circuits. (a) Two circuits sharing a common conductor AB. Z represents load impedance, D is a detector, ∼ represents a source of interference, and I is current. Coupling is prevented by (b) reducing the common…

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from article Interference-free circuitry

Capacitive coupling of two circuits. (a) An interference current circulating via a stray capacitance C. (b) An interference current circulating via two stray capacitances. (c) Elimination of coupling by adding a screen to intercept capacitive…

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from article Interference-free circuitry

Magnetic coupling of two circuits. (a) The magnetic field B created by the interference current I threads the left-hand circuit. (b) Decreasing the loop area of both circuits reduces magnetic coupling. (c) Twisting the conductors further reduces…

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from article Interference-free circuitry

Vector diagrams illustrating an unexpected result. (a) Summing vectors OA, AB, BC, and CD which represent interference at a single frequency provides the resultant OD. (b) The resultant OD is increased when the interference represented by BC is…

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from article Coal gasification

Gasification process and products. (Credit: U.S. National Energy Technology Laboratory)

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from article Coal gasification

Schematic representation of the processing steps in coal gasification.

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from article Coal gasification

Diagram of a Lurgi pressure gasifier.

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from article Nitrogen fixation

A mechanism for the functioning of the two components of nitrogenase. The box signifies that a complex of Fe and Mo-Fe proteins forms the active enzyme.

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from article Ore dressing

Magnetic separation.

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from article Ore dressing

Diagram of the jigging method.

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from article Ore dressing

Diagram of the tabling method.

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from article Ore dressing

Sink-float separation.

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from article Ore dressing

Separation by cyclone classification.

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from article Sonic boom

Schlieren image of the shock waves generated by an F-18 aircraft flying at Mach 1.4. The Mach cone generated by the head and tail shocks can be seen as well as the shocks generated by the leading and trailing edges of the wings. (NASA Dryden Flight…

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from article Sonic boom

Measured sonic boom waveforms from an SR-71 flying at Mach 2.4. (a) 165 m (540 ft) below the aircraft. Shocks associated with the nose, cockpit, leading edge of the wing, trailing edge of the wing, and the tail can be identified. (b) 1575 m (5075…

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from article Sonic boom

Propagation of a sonic boom through the atmosphere from an aircraft flying at 15,000 m (50,000 ft).

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from article Fire-tube boiler

Horizontal-return-tube boiler.

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from article Fire-tube boiler

Fire-tube waste-heat boiler.

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from article Volumetric displays

Animated stick figure depicted on the cathode-ray sphere. The figure is able to run around the spherical image space and, by means of motion-tracking hardware, may mimic the movements of a physical person in real time, or for playback. Here, a very…

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from article Volumetric displays

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from article Volumetric displays

Swept-volume system in which a helical screen sweeps out an image space and voxels are created by a set of light-emitting elements located below the screen. These are arranged in concentric rings. The number of light-emitting elements is…

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from article Volumetric displays

Stereo pair of an opaque volumetric image depicted on the light-field display developed by Andrew Jones and his colleagues. The use of a stereo pair enables the binocular parallax depth cue associated with volumetric images to be preserved. The pair…

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from article Volumetric displays

Simple optical arrangement that projects a volumetric image into free space. This enables a haptic interaction probe to “touch” the image, thereby supporting more natural interaction. (Diagram reproduced by permission of SPIE, copyright © 1993)

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from article Cam mechanism

Cam mechanism for opening and closing valves in automotive engine. (Texaco, Inc.)

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from article Cam mechanism

Classification of cams. (a) Translating. (b) Disk. (c) Positive motion. (d) Cylindrical. (e) With yoke follower. (f) With flat-face follower.

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from article Cam mechanism

Cam followers. (a) Knife edge. (b) Roller. (c) Flat face. (d) Spherical face.

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from article Cam mechanism

Displacement-time diagram for a cam, with motion of cam follower indicated.

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from article Cam mechanism

Converting (a) translating cam to (b) disk cam.

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from article Cam mechanism

Effect of (a) displacement on (b) velocity.

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from article Cam mechanism

Displacement-time diagrams for cam contours.

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from article Cam mechanism

Comparison of motions for three shapes of rise-return regions. Fourth motion, for catenoidal shape, also superposed. (After G. L. Guillet and A. H. Church, Kinematics of Machines, 5th ed., Wiley, 1950)

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from article Cam mechanism