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from article Coral reef structural complexity

Historical changes related to coral reef decline since the 1600s. The emergence of temperature-related responses (bleaching and disease) is coincident with the loss of urchins (Diadema) and the increase of nutrient loading.

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from article Coral reef structural complexity

Three dominant shallow-water communities in the waters surrounding Easter Island. (Left) Since the 1950s, fleshy algae, such as Sargassum, were the dominant cover, and coral was rare in shallow waters. (Middle) In the 1980s, global climate change…

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from article Map design

Figure and ground relationship. (a) Map without shading does not assist the user in isolating the subject from the background. (b, c) Map shaded in two different ways improves definition. (d) Addition of labels to show place and of the graticule…

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from article Map design

Design iterations created by a computer.

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from article Quaternary

Quaternary, the second period of the of the Cenozoic Era.

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from article Phanerozoic

Phanerozoic, the present geologic eon representing the past half-billion years.

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from article Phanerozoic

Geologic time scale showing the eons, eras, and periods of the Phanerozoic; epochs of the Cenozoic Era; and major events in the history of life. Geologic ages are given in millions of years ago (Ma). The beginning of the Archean Eon is undefined at…

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from article Apophyllite