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from article Amino acid
Structural formula for an amino acid. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Amino acid
The 20 amino acids that serve as the building blocks for proteins. These amino acids (shown with their respective three-letter abbreviations) can be divided into nonpolar, polar, and electrically charged groups. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Amino acid
Synthesis of a dipeptide. When an amino group of one amino acid is linked to the carboxyl group of another amino acid, a peptide bond linkage is formed. A molecule of water (H2O) is split out when a peptide bond is formed. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Amino acid
Two-dimensional chromatogram of a protein. (Credit: R. J. Block, E. L. Durrum, and G. Zweig)
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from article Mitochondrial replacement therapy
Spindle transfer involves the excision of the metaphase II spindle from a donor egg and replacing it with the metaphase II spindle from the affected egg. The metaphase II spindle contains the condensed chromosomes of the egg's haploid genome. Terms:…
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from article Mitochondrial replacement therapy
Cytoplasmic transplantation involves the addition of a donor's ooplasm (cytoplasm in an oocyte) to the recipient oocyte prior to fertilization. Terms: ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; nDNA, nuclear DNA. (Credit:…
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from article Mitochondrial replacement therapy
Pronuclear transfer requires that both the donor and affected eggs be fertilized by the father's sperm simultaneously in vitro. Following fertilization and once pronuclei are visible by microscopy, the two pronuclei from the donor egg are removed,…
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from article Mass spectrometry
Mass spectra of creatine (molecular weight 131) obtained by (a) electron impact, (b) chemical ionization, (c) field ionization, and (d) field desorption with moderate heating. Both the molecular ion (not observed in a) and the M + 1 ion in b, c, and…
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from article Mass spectrometry
Representative gas-phase proton affinities of molecules.
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from article Mass spectrometry
Potential well of a molecule: (a) undistorted, with ionization potential I near a metal with work function ϕ in the absence of a field gradient; and (b) in a strong field gradient. Near the metal surface the external field raises the most weakly…
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from article Mass spectrometry
Use of isotope distribution to determine elemental composition. (a) Molecular ion for a compound containing one bromine atom. (b) Molecular ion for a compound containing two bromine atoms. (c) Molecular ion for a compound containing neither bromine…
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from article Mass spectrometry
Mass spectra of (a) acetophenone and (b) valerophenone, using electron impact.
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from article Mass spectrometry
Scale-expanded portion of acetophenone spectrum showing a broad metastable ion at m/e 56.5.
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from article Supramolecular chemistry
Schematic representation of the self-assembly of a tricompartmental cagelike architecture by coordination of 7 ligands of two different types and 12 Cu(I) metal ions: R groups are omitted for clarity on the assembled entity (right). (After P. N. W.…
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from article Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is caused by the tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (Left) Colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicting some of the ultrastructural details seen in the cell wall configuration of a number of Gram-positive…
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from article Tuberculosis
Annual number of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the United States from 1992 to 2017. During this time period, there has been a decline in the prevalence of tuberculosis. However, the progression of decline has slowed since 2013 (indicated by the purple…
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from article Tuberculosis
Skin testing for tuberculosis, using the Mantoux test. (a) Tuberculin PPD (purified protein derivative) is injected into the dermis. A small bleb develops, but is absorbed within a short time. (b) After 48–72 h, the skin reaction is read and given a…
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from article Tuberculosis
Chest radiograph (posteroanterior view) showing extensive tuberculosis with cavitation in the right lung. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Oncology
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a human brain showing a tumor. The bright blue color indicates the location where the brain cancer metastasizes in the occipital lobe. (Credit: Leon Kaufman, University of California, San Francisco/National Cancer…
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from article Oncology
Human malignant osteosarcoma (bone cancer) cells taken from a leg mass. (Credit: Lance Liotta/National Cancer Institute)
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from article Oncology
Light micrograph of an adenocarcinoma of the colon. The tumor cells have made several acini, containing mucinous material and inflammatory cells. (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo)
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from article Oncology
Light micrograph of a section through a squamous carcinoma of the skin. Whorls of enclosed keratin (green, center left) are a common feature. (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo)
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from article Oncology
Gompertzian growth kinetics. (a) Growth fraction declines exponentially over time. (b) Growth rate of a tumor, which is a measure of the absolute number of dividing cells plotted as a function of time. (c) Tumor size as a function of time.
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from article Vitamin D
Conversion of vitamin D to its active form (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) in the human body. Vitamin D3 can be produced in skin by the ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. It also can be obtained from the diet. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill…
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from article Centrifugation
Laboratory centrifuge. (Credit: McGraw-Hill Education)
