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(a) King oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus eryngii) fruiting from supplemented cottonseed hull substrate. (b) Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting from straw/cottonseed hull substrate contained in plastic bags. (c) Pleurotus cornucopiae fruiting from cottonseed…

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from article Oyster mushrooms

Nutrients in raw oyster mushrooms based on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration reference serving size of 84 g (3 oz) for raw mushrooms. Oyster mushrooms are not a significant source of saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sugars, vitamin A, or…

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from article Plant pathogen forensics

Some scientific disciplines relevant to plant pathogen forensics.

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from article Plant pathogen forensics

Example of a decision tree for information gathering related to the source of the plant pathogen.

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from article DNA barcoding in fungi

The ribosomal cassette of repetitive genes in fungi. The 5.8S gene is flanked by the 18S (small subunit) and 28S (large subunit) genes. The ITS region is indicated by the black bar.

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from article Karrikins

Postfire emergence and reproduction of Anthocercis littorea, the yellow tailflower of Western Australia. In the spring, following a bushfire, the yellow tailflower germinates from seed, grows, and produces new seed that falls to the ground. The…

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from article Karrikins

Structures of karrikins. The upper ring structure is a butenolide, and the lower ring is a pyran. Karrikins are abbreviated as KAR, with KAR1 being the original parent compound, also known as karrikinolide.

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from article Karrikins

Effects of karrikins on seed germination and seedling growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Karrikin stimulates the germination of seeds that have some primary dormancy (top row). Karrikin treatment of seedlings growing in low light results in shorter…

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from article Marine mycology

Cultivation approach to obtain endophytic fungi from mangrove plants for chemical screening. (J. Kjer, P. Proksch, and R. Ebel, unpublished results)

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from article Marine mycology

Structures of clinically relevant natural products from marine-derived fungi.

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from article Plant phylogenomics

Gene duplications, orthology, and paralogy. The tree on the left shows phylogenetic relationships among three species (A, B, and C) and the timing of a gene duplication in the common ancestor of species B and C. The tree on the right shows the…

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from article Plant phylogenomics

Resolution of phylogenetic relationships among major flowering plant lineages has improved greatly with the analysis of plastid genome sequences. The tree shows our current understanding of relationships among flowering plants (angiosperms) and the…

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from article Plant phylogenomics

Ancient whole genome duplications can result in a large proportion of duplicated gene pairs (paralog pairs) with similar divergence times. Expressed genes can be isolated as transcribed messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), converted to complementary…

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from article Rhyniopsida

Rhynia. (a) Reconstruction showing leafless axis, basal rhizome with rhizoids (hairs), and fusiform, terminal sporangia. (b) Photomicrograph of transverse section of petrified stem. (c) Central xylem (vascular) strand. (After J. Walton, An…

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from article Pine

Mature sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) in Sequoia National Park, California. (Photo courtesy of the National Park Service)

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from article Pine

Scots (Scotch) pine (Pinus sylvestris). (a) Female (ovulate) cone, unfertilized. (b) Fertilized cones. (c) Advanced stage in cone development. (d) Cone opening to discharge seeds. (e) Seed scale showing two winged seeds.

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from article Hickory

Leaves of pignut hickory (Carya glabra). (Photo by Robert H. Mohlenbrock, USDA–NRCS PLANTS Database)

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from article Rice

A long-grain variety of rice (Oryza sativa) growing in a field. (Credit: Keith Weller/Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)

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from article Rice

Rice panicle. Each spikelet has a single caryopsis enclosed in the lemma and palea. A centimeter ruler is shown for measurement purposes. (Credit: Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)

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from article Rice

Rice grains. (Credit: Howard F. Schwartz/Colorado State University)

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from article Rice

Mechanical harvesting of rice on a farm in northern California. (Credit: Gary Kramer/Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)

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from article Rice

Rice stem nodes affected by rice blast lesions. Rice blast is a fungal disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea. (Credit: Donald Groth/Louisiana State University AgCenter)

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from article Rice

Bacterial panicle blight (seen as a discoloration) on rice grains. This disease is caused by Burkholderia glumae. (Credit: Donald Groth/Louisiana State University AgCenter)

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from article Rice

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from article Plant

The kingdom Plantae contains a tremendous diversity of plants. The plants seen in the photograph are drought-tolerant varieties native to California and the Mediterranean region. (Credit: David Madison/Getty Images)

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from article Basil

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). (Photo courtesy of Leo Michels)

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from article Artichoke

Green globe artichokes (Cynara scolymus). (Photo courtesy of G. J. Holmes)

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from article Abscisic acid

The indirect pathway of ABA biosynthesis begins in the plastids with carotenoid synthesis, derived from 5C isoprenoid units. Cleavage of 9'-cis-neoxanthin by NCED at the site indicated by the lightning bolt releases the 15C compound xanthoxin, which…

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from article Abscisic acid

Under unstressed conditions, the PP2C phosphatases prevent activation of the SnRK kinases and hence activation of their targets, for example, the ABF/AREB transcription factors. When ABA is present, binding to the PYR/PYL/RCAR class of receptors…

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from article Coccolithophorida

Examples of Coccolithophorida. (a) Discoaster; (b) a holococcolith; (c) a coccosphere; (d) a coccolith; (e, f) heterococcoliths. (A. McIntyre, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University)

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from article Sapindales

Eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), a characteristic member of the family Anacardiaceae in the order Sapindales. (Photo courtesy of the Plant Protection and Quarantine Archive, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of…

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from article Rubber tree

Foliage of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). (Photo courtesy of Axel Boldt)

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from article Blackberry

Armenian blackberries (Rubus armeniacus) on a thorny, biennial cane. (Photo courtesy of Sheina Sim, www.Invasivore.org)

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from article Plant-water relations

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from article Plant-water relations

Relationship of water and turgor pressure in plants: (a) the plant cells in a wilted plant need water; (b) after water enters the plant, the plant cells become turgid. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Plant-water relations

Light-microscope view of a stoma on a plant cell. (Credit: Bumbim/Stockimo/Alamy Stock Photo)

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from article Plant-water relations

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from article Plant-water relations

Colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a section through wood showing the phloem vessels (dark green holes) and xylem tissue (lower frame). (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/SPL/Getty Images)

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from article Plant communication

Hillsides in central California covered by hard chaparral composed almost entirely of chemise shrubs. Chemise (also spelled chamise) produces allelopathic chemicals that, through plant communication, inhibit the germination of seeds and the…

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from article Greenhouse

A greenhouse is a transparent, enclosed, climate-controlled structure in which young, tender, or out-of-season plants are cultivated and protected. (Credit: Antema/Getty Images)

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from article Greenhouse

Common commercial greenhouse shapes are the hoop, arch, and gable.

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from article Greenhouse

Interior of an agricultural high tunnel. Long rows of fresh green lettuce are being cultivated. (Credit: Photology1971/Shutterstock)

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from article Greenhouse

Modern greenhouses utilize computerized technologies to control and regulate various environmental parameters, including air temperature, air movement, carbon dioxide concentration, relative humidity, and supplemental light. (Credit:…

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from article Seed

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from article Seed

Seed structures: (a) median longitudinal section of pea ovule shortly after fertilization, showing attachment to pod tissues; (b) mature kidney bean; (c) mature castor bean; (d) opened embryo of mature kidney bean. Scale bar = (a, b) 0.5 mm (0.02…

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from article Seed

In this longitudinal section of a castor bean seed, the median embryo is surrounded by copious endosperm. Scale bar = 1 mm (0.04 in.). (Credit: Steven P. Lynch)

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from article Seed

Seed dormancy and viability during development under (a) field conditions and (b) greenhouse conditions. Black medick (Medicago lupulina) seeds were detached from the plant and tested for germination. Three phases of germinability occurred depending…

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from article Seed